NOTES FOR THE NTS TEST OF SCINCE EDUCATORS

COMPREHENSIVE NOTES

FOR THE NTS TEST OF

SCINCE EDUCATORS

MUHAMMAD SUFDAR SAHIR (Gold Medalist)                                                                                                         Vehari Academy of                                                                                                                            Sciences & Services (VASS)                                                                                                                             Near Faisal Masjid                                                                                                                              Faisal Town Vehari  03007727047, 03346908699 INFORMATION ABOUT HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY The largest gland of the body: Liver The largest organ of the body: Skin The longest bone of the body: Femur The total number of bones in the body: 206 The hardest bone of the body: Tooth The smallest bone of the body: Stapes Total number of muscles in the body: 600 The filter of the body: Kidney The pump of the Body: Heart Total number of bones in vertebral column: 33 The normal body temperature: 98.4 F (37 C) The normal respiratory rate of the Body: 16-18 per min The total volume of blood in body: 4-5 litres Total number of bones in face: 14 Vascular connection between foetus and uterus: Placenta SCIENCE SOLVED MCQS 1. Who proposed the concept “All motion is relative”? a. Albert Einstein 2. The field of specialization of famous Muslim scientist Abu Usman Aljahiz was: b. Zoology 3. Albatros is: a. A sea bird 4. The sunlight can reach a depth of …….. meters in the ocean: d. None (200 meters) 5. The biggest planet in our solar system is: c. Jupiter 6. The biggest species of the cat family is: a. Tiger 7. Which group of animals has heterogametic females? a. Domestic fowl 8. The dominant phase of life cycle in these organism is haploid: a. Mosses 9. The atmosphere of moon consists of: d. None 10. The chemical name of quartz is: a. Silicon Dioxide 11. Which month of calendar year can lack a new moon? b. February 12. Deuterium differs from Hydrogen in having: c. Same atomic number and different atomic weight 13. One of the following is a water soluble vitamin: d. None (Vitamin C and Vitamin B Complex) 14. Coulomb is the scientific unit to measure: d. None (Charge) 15. Equator passes through one of these countries: d. None (The equator passes through 13 countries: Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia and Kiribati.) 16. Anti Diuretic hormone is secreted by one of the following glands: a. Pituitary (posterior pituitary) 17. Basha Dam is to be constructed on: d. None (River Indus) 18. UV light falls in the category of: b. Non Ionizing Radiation 19. The earth’s ………………. is divided into 15 major plates of various sizes: c. Lithosphere 20. One of these scientists formulated basic laws of Geometry: b. Archimedes 21. Phosphorus is an essential component of one of the following biological molecules: b. Nucleic acids 22. He was the first scientist to prove that planets move around the sun: c. John Kepler 23. Atom is made up of ……….. different kinds of subatomic particles: a. Three (electron, neutron, and proton) 24. Uranium is best used as nuclear fuel in one of the following forms: a. U 235 25. The alpha particles are compact clusters of: b. Two Protons and two Neutrons 26. The Beta particles are fast moving b. Electrons 27. One of the following countries produces maximum energy from atomic reactors: a. France 28. The unit to measure the quantity of Ozone in atmosphere is a. Dobson 29. The severity of 2005 earthquake in Pakistan on Richter scale was b. 7.6 30. Geiger-Muller counter is used to detect: c. Photons 31. Vacuum tubes have been replaced by: c. Transistors 32. Dacron is a. Polyethylene 33. It is a secondary plant nutrient: c. Sulphur 34. An area of microbiology that is concerned with the occurence of disease in human population is c. Epidemiology 35. The number of electrons of a neutral atom is automatically known if one knows the: a. Atomic number 36. Which of the following is not an enzyme? b. Secretin 37. It is impossible for a type of O+ baby to have a type of ………….. mother: a. AB- (With a Child’s blood type of O the parents will be a combination of O and O / A and A / A and B / B and B.) 38. Serum if blood plasma minus its: b. Clotting proteins 39. The autonomic nervous system innervates all of these except: b. Skeletal muscles (The autonomic nervous system is a system of motor neurons that innervate smooth muscle,cardiac muscle and glands) 40. The damage to the ………….. nerve could result in the defect of the eye movement: d. none (cranial nerve) 41. Which of these is not a region of the spinal cord? b. Pelvic (The spinal cord is divided into four different regions: the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions) 42. The shape of the external ear is due to: a. Elastic cartilage 43. The external surface of the stomach is covered by b. Serosa 44. Which of the following is not a human organ system? c. Epithelial 45. Which of the following does not vary predictably with the depth of the aquatic environment? a. Salinity 46. The quantity of available nutrients ………….from the lower levels of b. decreases 47. Which of the following is not a major sub division of the biosphere? b. Stratosphere 48. Vaccination is synonymous with ………….. immunity. c. Artificial active 49. When a patient’s immune system becomes reactive to a drug, this is an example of: c. Allergy 50. What is the smallest unit of heredity? b. Gene IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC UNITS 1. Force: Newton/ Dyne 2. Temperature: Kelvin/ Celsius/ Degree 3. Current: Ampere 4. Heat: Joule/ Calorie/ BTU 5. Pressure: Pascal/Torr 6. Radioactivity: Becquerel/Curie/Rutherford 7. Atomic energy: Rydberg/Joule 8. Voltage: Volt 9. Electric Potential Difference: Volt 10. Electric Charge: Coulomb 11. Power: Watt 12. Resistance: Ohm 13. Conductivity: Mho 14. Energy: Joule/ Erg 15. Distance Between Stars And Planets: Light Year 16. Wavelength: Angstrom 17. Volume: Acre-Foot/Litre 18. Frequency: Hertz 19. Rate of flow of water: Cusec 20. Length: Meter/Fermi/Parsec 21. Optical Power Of A Lens or A Curved Mirror: Dioptre 22. Plane Angle: Radian 23. Luminous Intensity: Candela 24. Amount of Substance: Mole 25. Rate Of Decay Of Radioactive Material: Rutherford 26. Sedimentation Rate: SVEDBERG Unit 27. Induction: Henry 28. Magnetic flux: Maxwell/ Weber 29. Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetic Inductivity: Telsa/Gauss 30. Electric Conductance: Siemens 31. Angle: Degree 32. Solid Angle: Steradian 33. Torque: Foot-Pound 34. Mass: Slug 35. Volume of Water Reservoirs: Acre-foot 36. Mechanical work/Energy: Erg 37. Magneto Motive Force: Gilbert 38. Newton: Force 39. Dyne: Force 40. Kelvin: Temperature 41. Celsius: Temperature 42. Degree: Temperature 43. Ampere: Current 44. Joule: Heat/Atomic Energy/Energy 45. Calorie: Heat 46. BTU: Heat 47. Pascal: Pressure 48. Torr: Pressure 49. Becquerel: Radioactivity 50. Curie: Radioactivity 51. Rutherford: Rate Of Decay Of Radioactive Material/Radioactivity 52. Rydberg: Atomic Energy 53. Volt: Voltage/Electron Potential Difference 54. Coulomb: Electric Charge 55. Watt: Power 56. Ohm: Resistance 57. Mho: Conductivity 58. Erg: Energy 59. Light Year: Distance Between Stars 60. Angstrom: Wavelength 61. Litre: Volume 62. Acre Foot: Volume 63. Hertz: Frequency 64. Cusec: Rate Of Flow Of Water 65. Meter: Length 66. Fermi: Length 67. Parsec: Length 68. Dioptre: Optical Power Of Lens 69. Radian: Plane Angle 70. Candela: Luminous Intensity 71. SVEDBERG: Sedimentation Rate 72. Henry: inductance 73. Maxwell: Magnetic Flux 74. Weber: Magnetic Flux 75. Tesla: Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetic Inductivity 76. Gauss: Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetic Inductivity 77. Siemens: Electric Conductance 78. Degree: Angle 79. Steradian: Solid Angle 80. Foot Pound: torque 81. Slug: Mass 82. Erg: Mechanical Work/Energy 83. Gilbert: Magneto Motive Force IMPORTANT MCQS OF EVERYDAY SCIENCE Most expensive element is Platinium. Chemical name of vitamin C is Ascorbic acid. Hydrogen is 14 times lighter than air. Bones in human body are 206. Cosmology is the study of universe. Unit of Force is newton,dyne etc. Universe has been created 13.5 billion years ago. The planet nearest to sun is Mercury Copper is the best conductor of electricity. SI system was introduced in 1960. Blood cells are manufactured by bone marrow of the body. The Kelvin scale of temperature is called the absolute scale. The science of study of old age is called Gerontology. The instrument used for measuring the velocity is called Anemometer. The science which deals with the bird is called Ornithology. In a normal resting man, the rate of heart beat is 72 per minute. The brightest planet is Venus. Ibn Baitar was a renowned Muslim Botanist. Solar eclipse occurs in full moon. Standard pressure is 760 mm-Hg. Kitab-al-Manazar is publication by a famous Muslim Scientist about Optics. Cytology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of structure and function of cells. A branch of medicine studying blood and its disorders is called Haematology. A biological study of external form and structure of living organisms or their parts is Morphology. A study of the chemical composition of the earth‘s crust is called Geology. Frequency of audible sound is 20-20,000 Hz. Deficiency of vitamin B causes Beriberi. The chemical generally used in refrigerator is Freon The outer most layer of the earth is called Crust. The memory of the computer is expressed in bytes. AIDS is caused by Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV). Richter scale measures the severity of Earthquake. Cod liver oil contains Vitamin D. Blue colour has shortest wavelength. Light travels fattest in Vacuum. Rickets is caused by the deficiency of vitamin D. Generators convert mechanical energy into electricity. SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF VARIOUS FIELDS acarology– study of mites accidence– grammar book; science of inflections in grammar aceology– therapeutics acology — study of medical remedies acoustics — science of sound adenology — study of glands aedoeology — science of generative organs aerobiology — study of airborne organisms aerodonetics– science or study of gliding aerodynamics — dynamics of gases; science of movement in a flow of air or gas bacteriology — study of bacteria balneology — the science of the therapeutic use of baths barodynamics– science of the support and mechanics of bridges barology– study of gravitation batology– the study of brambles bibliology– study of books bibliotics– study of documents to determine authenticity bioecology– study of interaction of life in the environment biology — study of life biometrics– study of biological measurement bionomics– study of organisms interacting in their environments botany– study of plants bromatology — study of food brontology — scientific study of thunder campanology– the art of bell ringing carcinology– study of crabs and other crustaceans cardiology– study of the heart caricology– study of sedges carpology — study of fruit cartography — the science of making maps and globes cartophily– the hobby of collecting cigarette cards castrametation — the art of designing a camp catacoustics–science of echoes or reflected sounds catalactics– science of commercial exchange catechectics — the art of teaching by question and answer cetology — study of whales and dolphins chalcography– the art of engraving on copper or brass chalcotriptics– art of taking rubbings from ornamental brasses chaology — the study of chaos or chaos theory characterology — study of development of character chemistry– study of properties of substances chirocosmetics– beautifying the hands; art of manicure diabology– study of devils diagraphics– art of making diagrams or drawings dialectology — study of dialects dioptrics — study of light refraction diplomatics — science of deciphering ancient writings and texts diplomatology– study of diplomats docimology– the art of assaying dosiology– the study of doses dramaturgy — art of producing and staging dramatic works E to I Egyptology– study of ancient Egypt ekistics– study of human settlement electrochemistry– study of relations between electricity and chemicals electrology — study of electricity electrostatics– study of static electricity embryology– study of embryos emetology — study of vomiting emmenology — the study of menstruation endemiology– study of local diseases endocrinology– study of glands enigmatology– study of enigmas entomology– study of insects entozoology– study of parasites that live inside larger organisms enzymology– study of enzymes ephebiatrics– branch of medicine dealing with adolescence epidemiology– study of diseases; epidemics fluviology — study of watercourses folkloristics– study of folklore and fables futurology– study of future garbology– study of garbage gastroenterology — study of stomach; intestines gastronomy– study of fine dining gemmology– study of gems and jewels genealogy– study of descent of families genesiology– study of reproduction and heredity genethlialogy– the art of casting horoscopes geochemistry– study of chemistry of the earth’s crust geochronology— study of measuring geological time geogeny– science of the formation of the earth’s crust geogony– study of formation of the earth geography– study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants geology — study of earth’s crust geomorphogeny– study of the origins of land forms geoponics– study of Agriculture hydrography– study of investigating bodies of water hydrokinetics– study of motion of fluids hydrology– study of water resources hydrometeorology– study of atmospheric moisture hydropathy — study of treating diseases with water hyetology– science of rainfall hygiastics — science of health and hygiene hygienics– study of sanitation; health hygiology– hygienics; study of cleanliness hygrology– study of humidity hygrometry — science of humidity hymnography– study of writing hymns hymnology — study of hymns hypnology– study of sleep; study of hypnosis hypsography– science of measuring heights iamatology — study of remedies iatrology– treatise or text on medical topics; study of medicine iatromathematics– archaic practice of medicine in conjunction with astrology ichnography– art of drawing ground plans; a ground plan ichnology– science of fossilized footprints ichthyology– study of Fish iconography– study of drawing symbols iconology– study of icons; symbols ideogeny– study of origins of ideas ideology — science of ideas; system of ideas used to justify behaviour idiomology– study of idiom, jargon or dialect idiopsychology– psychology of one’s own mind immunogenetics– study of genetic characteristics of immunity immunology– study of immunity immunopathology– study of immunity to disease insectology — study of insects irenology — the study of peace K to O koniology — study of atmospheric pollutants and dust ktenology — science of putting people to death kymatology — study of wave motion labeorphily– collection and study of beer bottle labels larithmics– study of population statistics laryngology — study of larynx lepidopterology — study of butterflies and moths leprology– study of leprosy lexicology — study of words and their meanings lexigraphy– art of definition of words lichenology — study of lichens limacology– study of slugs limnobiology– study of freshwater ecosystems limnology — study of bodies of fresh water linguistics — study of language lithology– malariology study of malaria mammalogy– study of mammals manège– the art of horsemanship Mariology– study of the Virgin Mary martyrology– study of martyrs mastology– study of mammals mathematics– study of magnitude, number, and forms mazology– mammalogy; study of mammals mechanics — study of action of force on bodies meconology– study of or treatise concerning opium melittology — study of bees mereology– study of part-whole relationships mesology — ecology metallogeny– study of the origin and distribution of metal deposits metallography– study of the structure and constitution of metals metallurgy– study of alloying and treating metals nidology — study of nests nomology– the science of the laws; especially of the mind noology– science of the intellect nosology — study of diseases nostology– study of senility notaphily– collecting of bank-notes and cheques numerology — study of numbers numismatics– study of coins nymphology– study of nymphs obstetrics– study of midwifery oceanography– study of oceans oceanology — study of oceans odology — science of the hypothetical mystical force of od odontology– study of teeth oenology– study of wines oikology — science of housekeeping olfactology– study of the sense of smell ombrology — study of rain oncology — study of tumours oneirology — study of dreams orthography– study of spelling orthopterology– study of cockroaches oryctology — mineralogy or paleontology osmics– scientific study of smells osmology– study of smells and olfactory processes osphresiology– study of the sense of smell osteology — study of bones otology — study of the ear otorhinolaryngology– study of ear, nose and throat P to T paedology– study of children paedotrophy– art of rearing children paidonosology– study of children’s diseases; pediatrics palaeoanthropology– study of early humans palaeobiology — study of fossil plants and animals palaeoclimatology– study of ancient climates palaeolimnology– study of ancient Fish palaeolimnology– study of ancient lakes palaeontology– study of fossils philately– study of postage stamps philematology — the act or study of kissing phillumeny– collecting of matchbox labels philology — study of ancient texts; historical linguistics philosophy– science of knowledge or wisdom phoniatrics — study and correction of speech defects phonology — study of speech sounds psychology– study of mind psychopathology– study of mental illness psychophysics– study of link between mental and physical processes pteridology — study of ferns pterylology — study of distribution of feathers on birds pyretology — study of fevers pyrgology — study of towers pyroballogy– study of artillery pyrography– study of woodburning quinology — study of quinine raciology– study of racial differences radiology– study of X-rays and their medical applications reflexology– study of reflexes rhabdology — knowledge or learning concerning divining rods rhabdology — art of calculating using numbering rods rheology — science of the deformation or flow of matter rheumatology– study of rheumatism rhinology– study of the nose rhochrematics– science of inventory management and the movement of products runology — study of runes sarcology– study of fleshy parts of the body satanology — study of the devil scatology– study of excrement or obscene literature schematonics– art of using gesture to express tones sciagraphy– art of shading scripophily — collection of bond and share certificates sedimentology — study of sediment seismology — study of earthquakes selenodesy– study of the shape and features of the moon selenology– study of the moon semantics — study of meaning semantology– science of meanings of words semasiology– study of meaning; semantics topology– study of places and their natural features toponymics– study of place-names toreutics — study of artistic work in metal toxicology — study of poisons toxophily — love of archery; archery; study of archery traumatology– study of wounds and their effects tribology — study of friction and wear between surfaces trichology– study of hair and its disorders trophology– study of nutrition tsiganology– study of gypsies turnery– art of turning in a lathe typhlology– study of blindness and the blind typography– art of printing or using type typology– study of types of things U to Z ufology– study of alien spacecraft uranography– descriptive astronomy and mapping uranology– study of the heavens; astronomy urbanology– study of cities urenology– study of rust molds urology — study of urine; urinary tract venereology– study of venereal disease vermeology– study of worms vexillology– study of flags victimology– study of victims vinology — scientific study of vines and winemaking virology– study of viruses vitrics– glassy materials; glassware; study of glassware volcanology — study of volcanoes vulcanology– study of volcanoes xylography– art of engraving on wood xylology — study of wood zenography– study of the planet Jupiter zoiatrics– veterinary surgery zooarchaeology– study of animal remains of archaeological sites zoochemistry– chemistry of animals zoogeography– study of geographic distribution of animals zoogeology — study of fossil animal remains zoology– study of animals zoonomy– animal physiology zoonosology– study of animal diseases zoopathology– study of animal diseases zoophysics– physics of animal bodies zoophysiology — study of physiology of animals zoophytology– study of plant-like animals zoosemiotics– study of animal communication zootaxy– science of classifying animals zootechnics– science of breeding animals zygology — science of joining and fastening zymology — science of fermentation zymurgy– branch of chemistry dealing with brewing and distilling EVERYDAY SCIENCE PREPARATION   OF VITAMINS Vitamin C is also called Ascorbic Acid it prevents scurvy • Vitamin C is also necessary for utilization of iron • The food which contains largest amount of Vitamin C is tomato • Cod liver oil contains Vitamin D • Collagen is the substance that gives elasticity to skin • Vitamin E promotes oxygenation and acts as anti aging • Carbon dioxide we release comes from food we eat • Vitamin B2 has what other name Riboflavin • Fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Vitamin E is called anti-aging agent • Vitamin E helps in fertility process • Vitamin B helps maintain normal appetite and good digestion • Protein found in milk is Casein, in beans is Legumes, in meat is myosin and in eggs is albumin • Water soluble vitamin are B and C and all other are fat soluble • Vitamin A is stored as Ester in liver • Vitamin A is found in carotene bearing plants • Vitamin K helps to form prothrobin (fibro gin) one of the enzymes helpful in blood clotting • Vitamin E is necessary for iron utilization; normal reproductive function. Vitamin E is for reproduction. • Vitamin A is found in Dairy products • Deficiency of Vitamin A causes Night blindness. • Too much presence of the Potassium salt in human blood increase the risk of heart attack. • The lack of calcium in the diet causes what condition-Rickets • Celluloses are carbohydrates. • Milk contains lactose. • Vitamin C is a preventor of infectious disease • Vitamin C is also called Skin food • Vitamin C can easily be lost in cooking and food storage • Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism. • Vitamin C hastens healing of wounds • Vitamin capable of formation of blood is B12 • Riches source of Vitamin D is code liver oil • Riches source of Vitamin A is eggs • Deficiency of Calcium leads to rickets • Vitamin B1 is available is yeast. • Scury, arising due to deficiency of vitamin C, it is related to Gastro-intestinal disorder. • Sodium is necessary of nervous system. • Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism. • Cheese contains vitamin D. • Vitamin C can not be stored in human body. • Scurvy, arising due to deficiency of vitamin C, it is related to Gastro-intestinal disorder. • Sodium is necessary of nervous system. • Ground nut has maximum protein • Digestion of fat in intestine is aided by Emulsification • Hair, finger nails, hoofs, etc are all make of protein • Deficiency of sodium and potassium causes muscular cramps, headache and diahrae • Milk contains 80% water • Milk is a complete food. • Cheese contains vitamin D. • Vitamin E is for reproduction. • Deficiency of Thiamine causes Beri Beri. • Glucose is the source of energy for human brain. • Major component of honey is Glucose • Three main food nutrients are carbohydrates, protein and fats. Other are vitamins and minerals • Meat is rich in iron we need to make blood cells • Eating of coconut increases man’s mental faculties • Food poisoning can result from the eating of too much toadstools. • Vitamin c is also known as Ascorbic Acid. • Celluloses are carbohydrates. • Milk contains lactose • Ascorbic acid is essential for the formation of bones and teeth. • Citric acid is a good substitution for ascorbic acid in our nutrition. The food which contains largest amount of Vitamin C is tomato • Cod liver oil contains Vitamin D • Collagen is the substance that gives elasticity to skin • Vitamin E promotes oxygenation and acts as anti aging • Carbon dioxide we release comes from food we eat • Vitamin B2 has what other name Riboflavin • Fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Vitamin E is called anti-aging agent • Vitamin E helps in fertility process • Vitamin B helps maintain normal appetite and good digestion • Protein found in milk is Casein, in beans is Legumes, in meat is myosin and in eggs is albumin • Water soluble vitamin are B and C and all other are fat soluble • Vitamin A is stored as Ester in liver • Vitamin A is found in carotene bearing plants • Vitamin K helps to form prothrobin (fibro gin) one of the enzymes helpful in blood clotting • Vitamin E is necessary for iron utilization; normal reproductive function. Vitamin E is for reproduction. • Vitamin A is found in Dairy products • Deficiency of Vitamin A causes Night blindness. • Too much presence of the Potassium salt in human blood increase the risk of heart attack. • The lack of calcium in the diet causes what condition-Rickets • Celluloses are carbohydrates. • Milk contains lactose. • Vitamin C is a preventor of infectious disease • Vitamin C is also called Skin food • Vitamin C can easily be lost in cooking and food storage • Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism. • Vitamin C hastens healing of wounds • Vitamin capable of formation of blood is B12 • Riches source of Vitamin D is code liver oil • Riches source of Vitamin A is eggs • Deficiency of Calcium leads to rickets • Vitamin B1 is available is yeast. • Scury, arising due to deficiency of vitamin C, it is related to Gastro-intestinal disorder. • Sodium is necessary of nervous system. • Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism. • Cheese contains vitamin D. • Vitamin C can not be stored in human body. • Scurvy, arising due to deficiency of vitamin C, it is related to Gastro-intestinal disorder. • Sodium is necessary of nervous system. • Ground nut has maximum protein • Digestion of fat in intestine is aided by Emulsification • Hair, finger nails, hoofs, etc are all make of protein • Deficiency of sodium and potassium causes muscular cramps, headache and diahrae • Milk contains 80% water • Milk is a complete food. • Cheese contains vitamin D. • Vitamin E is for reproduction. • Deficiency of Thiamine causes Beri Beri. • Glucose is the source of energy for human brain. • Major component of honey is Glucose • Three main food nutrients are carbohydrates, protein and fats. Other are vitamins and minerals • Meat is rich in iron we need to make blood cells • Eating of coconut increases man’s mental faculties • Food poisoning can result from the eating of too much toadstools. • Vitamin c is also known as Ascorbic Acid. • Celluloses are carbohydrates. • Milk contains lactose • Ascorbic acid is essential for the formation of bones and teeth. • Citric acid is a good substitution for ascorbic acid in our nutrition. • A guava contains more vitamin C than an orange • Vitamin not stored in human body…..C • Deficiency of vitamin A causes dryness of skin and night blindness • Skin food is Vitamin C • Vitamin C is also called Ascorbic Acid it prevents scurvy • Vitamin C is also necessary for utilization of iron SOME MCQS OF EVERYDAY SCIENCE FROM PAST PAPERS OF NTS . the most important stimulant in tea leaves is A. Burcina B. Caffeine C. Phenylalanine D. Theine Answer is = B 2. dolly is the name of the A. first cloned sheep B. first cloned monkey C. first test- tube baby D. first human fossil Answer is = A 3. Which part of the camera is analogue to the retina in the human eye? A. lens B. film C. aperture D. shutter Answer is = B 4. When a person enters a dark room from bright light he is not able to see A. Eye is unable to adjust itself immediately B. Retina becomes insensitive momentarily C. Lris is unable to dilate the pupil immediately D. Distance between the lens and retina take time to adjusted Answer is = C 5. What is the average adult plus rate? A. 140-150 B. 115-125 C. 72-80 D. 60 Answer is = C 6. The beautiful color patterns exhibited by a peacock in its tail feathers are due to A. selective absorption of light B. selective reflection of light C. sinterference of light D. natural color pattern of feathers Answer is = A 7. A take starts freezing because of the cold atmosphere. It will first freeze A. At the bottom B. In the middle part C. At the top surface D. Uniform throughout the water body Answer is = C 8. the sun appears red at sunrise and sunset while it appears white at noon, because A. of refraction B. it color at sunrise and at sunset C. of diffraction leading to red end of the spectrum reaching the earth D. of scattering of light due to dust particles and air molecules Answer is = D 9. An astronaut inside a spacecraft is in a state of weightlessness. This implies that A. the mass of the astronaut is reduced to zero B. Gravity inside the spacecraft cases to act C. The astronaut is outside the influence of the earth’s gravitational force D. The astronaut and the spacecraft are both in a free-falling state Answer is = D 10. An iceberg is floating in sea. How much of its mass will remain above the surface of water? A. One tenth B. One fifth C. One fourth D. One third Answer is = A 11. Most of the ozone in the atmosphere is concentrated in the A. Mesosphere B. troposphere C. stratosphere D. lonosphere Answer is = C 12. The cow’s milk contains how much amount of water in terms of percentage? A. 60 % B. 65 % C. 72 % D. 80 % Answer is = D 13. T.V Transmission cannot cover a very large area because. A. the strength of T.V waves is very limited B. picture cannot be transmitted clearly after a specific distance. C. the shape of the earth is spherical D. the air is not a good conductor of light and sound/waves. Answer is = C 14. The Green House Effect is caused by an excess of A. carbon dioxide B. carbon monoxide C. carbon tetrachloride D. none of above Answer is = A 15. Bats can also fly in dark because they are capable of taking the help of A. Ultraviolet waves B. ultrasonic waves C. Electromagnetic waves D. Special Retinal Answer is = B 16. What is ‘Stealth technology’? A. A device which when attached to makes an aircraft it invisible on the radar B. A coating which reduces the visibility of an aircraft on a order C. A technology by which it is possible for the aircrafts to spy in the enemy air-space E. A technology by using which paratroopers can be drooped stealthily behind the enemy columns Answer is = B 17. The primary function or the feathers in birds is to A. Provide insulation for preserving body heat B. provide striking surface to wings for flying C. make the body surface water proof D. impart coloration for species as well as sex recognition Answer is =B 18. The rear view mirror of a motor vehicle is A. concave B. plane C. convex D. Biconcave Answer is = C 19. Lead ball falls through water more slowly than through air because A. the value of ‘g’ is less in water B. Density of air is than that of water C. of the viscous forces in water D. of the surface tension of water Answer is = C 20. A Fahrenheit thermometer indicates a temperature of 14f its Celsius scale will be A. _20 c B. _ 10 c C. + 10 c D. + 20 c Answer is = B 21. Which one of the following sets of colour combinations is added in colour vision in T.V? A. Red, green and blue B. orange, lack and violet C. White, red and yellow D. Yellow, green and blue Answer is = A 22. A train goes past a railway station at a high speed A young boy standing on the edge of the platform is likely to. A. remain unaffected B. Fall away from the train C. Fall towards the train D.Fall away from or toeards the train depending upon the speed Answer is = C 23. Water is highly effective coolant for a car engine because A. Water is good conductor of heat B. Water has very high specific heat C. Water boils at a comparatively high temperature D. Evaporation of water produces lot of cooling Answer is = A 24. Scalding with steam is more severe than scalding by boiling water because A. Steam can penetrtae thi skin B. Steam is at a higher temperature C. Steam contain more energy than boiling water D. Steam is at a higher pressure Answer is = C 25. In order to prevent the corrosion of iron pipes they are often coated with a layer of zinc. This process is termed as A. Electroplating B. Annealing C. Ga Answer is = C Which is the outermost planet in the solar system? A. Mercury B. Pluto C. Neptune D. Uranus 2. The SI unit of charge is __________. A. Ampere B. Coulomb C. Ohm D. Volt 3. Very High Frequency (VHF) have __________ wavelengths. A. shorter B. shortest C. longer D. longest 4. Long-sight defect could be corrected by using __________ lens. A. concave B. vonvex C. diverging D. none of these 5. Deficiency of Vitamin-A results in __________. A. night blindness B. rickets C. scurvy D. hair fall 6. For a fixed mass of gass at constant temperature, if we decrease volume, the pressure will _________. A. also decrease B. increase C. remains constant D. none of these 7. The lifespan of Red Blood Cells is __________ days. A. 60 B. 120 C. 180 D. 240 8. The density of water is __________. A. 1 g/cm3 B. 1.5 g/cm3 C. 2 g/cm3 D. none of these 9. Radioactivity was discovered by __________. A. Kelvin B. Thomson C. Rutherford D. Bacquerel 10. A device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy is called __________. A. motor B. generator C. moving-coil meter D. battery 11. The average adult has a blood volume of about __________ liters. A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 12. The most abundant element in the universe is __________. A. Oxygen B. Hydrogen C. Carbon Dioxide D. Silicon 13. The most abundant element in the Earth’s crust is __________. A. Oxygen B. Hydrogen C. Carbon Dioxide D. Silicon 14. Each day human body breathe in __________ liters of air. A. 5,000 to 10,000 B. 10,000 to 15,000 C. 15,000 to 20,000 D. 20,000 to 25,000 15. Deficiency of Vitamin-D results in __________. A. night blindness B. rickets C. scurvy D. hair fall 16. The SI unit of “pressure” is _________. A. pascal B. joule C. tesla D. henry 17. The most densest substance on the Earth is __________. A. Platinum B. Copper C. Steel D. Osmium 18. A camera uses a __________ to form an image. A. convex lens B. concave lens C. condenser lens D. none of these 19. Which from the following is NOT a conductor? A. Aluminium B. Silicon C. Graphite D. All are conductor 20. CNG stands for? A. Converted Natural Gas B. Conduced Natural Gas C. Conducted Natural Gas D. Compressed Natural Gas 1) One of the countries through which equator passes is: (a) Kenya (b) Malaysia (c) Malta (d) Pakistan 2) Copper can be converted into gold by: (a) Artificial radioactivity (b) heating (c) Electroplating (d) Chemical reaction 3) The three elements needed for healthy growth of plants are: (a) N, P, K (b) N, C, P (c) N, K, (d) N, S, P 4) Clocks, which moves with the velocities compareable with the velocity of light, run: (a) fast (b) slow (c) equal to the velocity of light (d) with zero velocity 5) Max Planck received the noble prize in Physics in 1918 for his discovery of: (a) electron (b) energy quanta (c) photon (d) positron 6) Bronze medal is made up of metals: (a) (copper,nickel) (b) (copper, tin) (c) (copper, silver) (d) (copper, zinc) 7) Addison’s disease is caused by the excessive secretion of: (a) Antiduretic Harmone (b) Luteinising Harmone (c) Melanophore stimulating Harmone (d) Adrenocorticotrophic Harmone 8) Development of calf muscles in ladies who wear high heels is a common example of: (a) Natural Selection (b) inheritance of acquired character (c) Use and disuse of organ (d) Artificial selection 9) Margalla Hill is a branch of: (a) Karakorum range (b) Hindukash range (c) Himalaya range (d) Nanga Parbat range 10) Humming bird belongs to a category called: (a) Ectotherm (b) Endotherm (c) Exotherm (d) Heterotherm. (a) Oxidation-Loss of an electron (b) Oxidation – gain of an electron (c) Reduction – gain of a neutron (d) Reduction – loss of a neutron (2) Radioactive isotope of Uranium used in Nuclear Bomb is: (a)92 U 235 (b)92 U 234 c)92 U 233 d)92 U 238 (3) Human population growth is greatest in developing countries because: (a) the birth rate is high in developing countries (b) the death rate is high in developing countries. (c) much of the population has already reached the child bearing age. (d) most of the world’s population lives in industrialized countries. (4) Which woody raw material is used for the manufacture of paper pulp? (a) Cotton (b) Poplar (c) Bagasse (d) Rice straw (5) Rectified spirit contains alcohol about: (a) 80% (b) 95% (c) 70% (d) 85% (6) Which of the following elements is not present abundantly in earth’s crust: (a) Silicon (b) Radium (c) Aluminum (d) Carbon (7) The famous book; Al – Qanoun was written by the Muslim scientist: (a.) Jabar bin Hayyan (b) Zakariya Al – Razi (c) Abu Ali Sina (d) Abdul Qasim Majreeti (8) Basic metals can be converted into gold by: (a) Heating (b) Beating (c) Artificial nuclear radioactivity (d) Chemical reaction (9) A light year is a unit of: (a) Time (b) Energy (c) Length (d) Mass (10) One of the main function of the earth’s ozone layer is to: (a) Prevent global warming (b) Filter out ultraviolet rays (c) Absorb pollution (d) All of the above 26. Myopia is a disease connected with A. Ears B. Eyes C. Lungs D. Brain 27. Leukemia is a disease of the A. Lungs B. Blood C. Skin D. Nerves 28. Short-sightedness can be corrected by using A. Convex lens B. Concave lens C. Convex-concave lens D. Concave-convex lens 29. Trachoma is a disease of the A. Liver B. Eyes C. Lungs D. Kidneys 30. Match the following Column I Column II A. Beriberi 1. Vitamin A B. Scurvy 2. Vitamin B C. Rickets 3. Vitamin C D. Night Blindness 4. Vitamin D A B C D (a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 2 1 3 4 (c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4 31. Typhoid and cholera are typical examples of A. Infectious diseases B. Air-borne disease C. Water-borne disease D. None of these 32. Pyorrhea is a disease of the A. Nose B. Gums C. Heart D. Lungs 33. Lack of what causes diabetes. A. Sugar B. Insulin C. Calcium D. Vitamins 34. Appendix is appendix is a part of A. Small intestine B. Large intestine C. Stomach D. Liver 35. Match the following columns Column I Column II A. Cataract 1. Bones B. Jaundice 2. Eyes C. Diabetes 3. Liver D. Arthritis 4. Pancreas A B C D (a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 2 3 1 4 (c) 1 3 4 2 (d) 3 2 4 1 36. Bronchitis is a disease of which of the following organs? A. Blood B. Bladder C. Liver D. Respiratory tract 37. ECG is used for the diagnosis of aliments of A. Brain B. Heart C. Kidneys D. Lungs 38. Biopsy is done on A. Tissues taken from a dead body B. Tissues taken form a living body C. Blood from veins D. Blood from arteries 39. Barium is used for A. Checking blood group B. X-ray of alimentary canal C. X-ray of brain D. None of these 40. Dialysis is used for the treatment of A. Kidney failure B. Heart weakness C. Brain diseases D. None of these 41. Insulin is injected into the intestines by A. Pancreas B. Liver C. Stomach D. Gall bladder 42. Lock Jaw, i.e., difficulty in opening the mouth is a symptom of A. Cholera B. Plague C. Tetanus D. Diphtheria 43. Which of the following pairs is incorrect? A. Plague-rats B. Rabies-dog C. Tapeworm-pig D. Poliomyelitis-monkey 44. Match the following columns Column I Column II A. Air-borne 1. Tetanus B. Water-borne 2. Tuberculosis C. Contact 3. Cholera D. Wound 4. Syphilis A B C D (a) 2 3 1 4 (b) 2 3 4 1 (c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 4 3 2 1 45. Ricketts is a disease of the A. Bones B. Tissue C. Muscles D. Blood 46. Which of the following statements is correct A. Pulmonary artery carries pure blood B. Pulmonary artery carries impure blood C. Pulmonary vein carries impure blood D. None of these 47. Lungs are situated in the A. Abdominal cavity B. Pericardial cavity C. Buccal cavity D. Thoracic cavity 48. The human cell contains A. 44 chromosomes B. 48 chromosomes C. 46 chromosomes D. 23 chromosomes 49. Enzymes help in A. Respiration B. Digestion of food C. Immune system D. Reproduction 50. Food is normally digested in the A. Liver B. Stomach C. Small intestines D. Large intestines 1. Which of the following is not an alloy? (a) Bronze (b) Brass (c) Steel       (d) Zinc 2.  Micro-elements needed to increase soil fertility are (a) Nitrogen, hydrogen and calcium (b) Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (c) Iron, calcium and potassium (d) Manganese, copper and zinc 3.  Sugarcane crop matures in a boat (a)  2 months (b) 4 months (c)  8 months (d)  12 months  4.  Chlorine is (a) A rare earth element     (b) A halogen (c)  A book gas (d) Coinage metal 5. A solution of washing soda in water is (a) Acidic (b) Basic (c) Neutral                         (d) Sour 6.  Which of the following discoveries are associated with Einstein? (i)  Theory of relativity      (ii) Quantum Theory (iii)  Radio activity (iv) Rocket Propulsion. (a) (i) & (ii) (b) (i),(ii) & (iii) (c) (i), (ii) &  (d) (d) (i)only 7.  New high yielding varieties of food crops are different from  the conventional in that they need (a) Less water (b) Less fertilisers (c) More water and more fertilisers      (d) Less water and more fertilisers 8.  Which of the following is an insecticide? (a) TNT (b) DDT (c) Salicylic acid (d) Ammonium phosphate 9.  Why do you feel chill after having a dip in sea water? (a) The difference in temperature between sea water and the atmosphere (b) Evaporation of water from the body (c) Deposition of salt on the body (d) None of these 10. Why is water in an open pond cool even on a hot day (a) The soil under the water has accumulated cold for all time (b) Heat of the water gets reduced by evaporation always taking place (c) Water prevents sun rays reaching the ground floor of the pond (d) None of the above Arranging the following in descending order of their life spans (i) Elephant. (ii) Horse, (iii) Tiger, (iv) Wolf (a)  A,B,C,D (b) A,C,B,D (c) C,A,B,D (d) D,A,B,C 12. The surface of the water in a lake is frozen and its temperature is  15oC. The maximum possible temperature of the water, inside the lake in contact with the ice layer (a) 0oC (b) 4°C   (c) 15oC (d) Insufficient data to predict 13. A stone is tied to a rope and attached till a wooden bar whack rotates at constant angular velocity. Suddenly the bar is stopped. The stone gets encircled around the bar. What happens to the stone? (a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Remains the same       (d) First increases and then decreases 14.  Polio is caused by a: (a) Virus (b) Bacteria (e)  Deficiency of vitamin    (d) Fungus 15. Mixed farming means (a)  Simultaneous cultivation of a number of crops in a single field (b) Alternate cropping in a field (c) Growing fruits and vegetables in the same field (d) None of these 16. Which is not a parasite? (a) Tick (b) Housefly (c) Bed Bug (d) Louse 17. Sea of a child is determined by the (a) Chromosomes of father (b) Chromosomes of mother (c) Rh factor of parents      (d) None of these 18. The most appropriate source of energy for cooking and lighting purposes in rural India is (a)   Bio-gas (b) Solar energy (c)  Nuclear energy (d) Tidal energy 19. The tape of the tape-recorder is coated with (a) Copper sulphate (b) Mica (c)  Ferromagnetic powder   (d) Zinc Oxide 20.   The cover of a Solar cooker is made; of glass. Why?    (a)  ft absorbs sun rays       (b) R reflects sun rays (c)  Sun heat is transmitted through glass without much absorption (d) None of these following groups represents the correct order of four types of teeth in human beings? ' (a)  Incisors, premolars, molars, canines (b)  Incisors, canines, premolars, molars (c) Molars, canines, incisors, premolars (d) Canines, incisors, molars, premolars 22.  When a brick is dropped in water, bubbles are seen to rise. This is due to. (a)   Air in the pores of the brick (b)  Air in water (c)  Water displaced by the brick (d)  None of these 23.   In photosynthesis the processes that occur are (a)  Carbon dioxide is taken by the plants and oxygen is released (b)  Water is released (c)  Oxygen is taken by the plants and carbon dioxide is released (d)  The green pigment is split by sunlight 24.   Liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of (a)  Methane, Ethane and Acetylene (b)  Methane, Propane and Hexane (c)  Methane, Ethane and Hexane (d)  Butane, Heptanes and Pentane 25. The Raman effect is found in (a)  Prism (b)  All transparent media (c)  Glass (d)  Liquid 26. The acid that does not contain oxygen is (a)  Hydrochloric acid        (b)  Sulphuric acid  (c)  Nitric acid (d)  All 27. Oxygen was discovered by (a)  James Chadwick (b) J.J. Thomson (c)  Joseph Priestley (d) None of these 28. Which atomic-rich mineral is largely found in India? (a)  Uranium (b) Thorium (c) Radium (d) None of these 29.   Who was responsible for pointing out the importance of 'Zero'? (a)   Edison (6)  Aryabhatta (c)  Newton (d)  None of these 30. An Anemometer is an instrument for measuring (a)   Current (b)   Speed of wind or any other moving gas (c)   Humidity of wind (d)   None of these 31. A Lactometer is used to (a)  find fracture point       (b) Check purity of milk (c) Detect blood group       (d) None of these 32. All     living objects consume oxygen for their respiration. Oxygen is replenished by plants during (a) Night (b) Evening (c) Day time (d) Morning 33.   A Potato is a (a)  Modified fruit (b)  Modified stem (c) Modified seed (d)  Modified root 34.  Night-blindness is caused by the deficiency of (a) Vitamin B (b) Vitamin C (c)  Vitamin A  (d) Vitamin D (35) Growth of the body is studied in (a)  Biology (b) Ecology (e) Genetics (d) Physiology 36.   Brass is an alloy of (a) Copper and zinc (b) Copper and nickel (c) Zinc and nickel (d) Copper and cabal 37.   Nights are cool when (a) The nights are cloudy and the days are clear  (b)The nights are clear and the days are cloudy (c) Both the nights and the days are cloudy (d) Both the nights and the days are clear 38.   The most abundant element on earth is (a) Nitrogen (b) iron (c)  Silicon (d) Oxygen 39.  If a magnet is broken into two equal pieces, what will be the result? (a) One half will be the North Pole and the other South Pole (b) A magnet cannot be divided into two pieces (c) Both pieces will individually become magnets (d) The magnet will lose its magnetic power. 40.  What is the value of the Absolute Zero?  (a) -273oC (b)  0°C (c)  -173o K (d)  273°F 41. The Stevenson screen is a (a)  Screen for projecting films (b)  Standard shelter for thermometers (c)  Device for measuring atmospheric pressure    (d)  Device for measuring rainfall 42. A rock is taken from the surface of the earth to the moon. What changes will be observed? (a) The mass and weight of the rock will change (b) The weight of the rock will change (c) The mass of the rock will change (d) The mass and weight of the rock will remain the same 43.  The branch of botany which deals with the study of stags is  (a) Morphogenesis  (b) Physiology (c) Genetics (d) Ecology 44. What phenomenon Is responsible for the formation of a rainbow? (a) Dispersion (b) Polarization (c) Refraction (d) Reflection 45. What does pasteurization mean? (a) It refers to putting sheep or cattle to graze (b) It is a process which prevents liquid food from being spotted (c) It refers to the remedical measure to do away with plague (d) It is a method of giving artificial respiration to human beings for saving life 46. A person sitting under a fan feels cool. If a thermometer is pert below the fan, what will be the reading? (a) It will read only the room temperature (b) It is not possible Jo say anything (c) It will show a higher reading (d) It will show a lower value of room temperature 47. The diameter of a sphere is increased by a factor of 2. What will be the increase in volume? (a)   8 times (b)   10 times (c)   4 times (d)  6 times 48. when the mass af a moving body is doubled and speed  halved, what     be the change in kinetic energy of the body? (a)   Increases S times (b)   Reduces to Half (c)   Increases 4 times (d)  Remains same 49.    The  unit of  force in the standard international system is (a)   Daar (b)   Newton (C)   Poundal  (d)   Pound-Weight 50.   Which af aW following is a good conductor of heat but bad conductor of electricity? (a)   Cellloid (b)   Perstex (c)    Asbestos (d)   Mica 51,   The Mercary thermometer was invented by (a)   Galileo (b)   Torricelli (c)    Edison (d)    Fahrenheit 52.  Electrical Current at measured by (a)   Ammetar (b)   Anemometer, (c)   Voltmeter (d)   Watermeter 53. The nucleus of an atom consists of (a)   Protons, neutrons and electrons (b)   Protons and electrons (c)    Protons and neutrons (d)   Only protons 54. Radar which helps to detect the presence of enemy aircraft, uses (a)   Electric waves (b)   Ultrasonic waves (c)   Sound waves (d)   Radio waves 55. The system of winds around a low barometric pressure is known as (a)   Dust storm (b)   Thunderstorm (c)    Cyclone (d)    Anti-cyclone 56.   The main constituents of cement are (a)   Calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate (b)   Lime, alumina and silica (c)   Gypsum and sand (d)   Limestone and clay 57. The penetrating power of X-rays depends upon the.......of the X-rays (a)   Wavelength (b)   Energy of photons (c)   Velocity (d)   Frequency 58.   Glycolysis is a process of: (a)   Photosynthesis (b)   Reproduction (c)   Respiration    (d)  Transpiration 59. Seed is a technically (a)   Ripened Ovule (b)   Carpel (c)   Ripened  Ovary (d)  None of these 60.   The functioning of a loud speaker depends upon its (a)   Shane only (b)   Size and shape both (c)    Size only (d)   None of the above EVERYDAY SCIENCE MCQS 1.       Brass gets discolored in air because of the presence of which of the following gases in air? Oxygen B. Hydrogen sulphide C. Carbon dioxide D. Nitrogen 2.       Which of the following is a non metal that remains liquid at room temperature? A.      Phosphorous B. Bromine C. Chlorine D. Helium 3.       Chlorophyll is a naturally occurring chelate compound in which central metal is A.      copper B. magnesium C. iron D. calcium 4.       Which of the following is used in pencils? A.      Graphite  B. Silicon C. Charcoal D. Phosphorous 5.       Which of the following metals forms an amalgam with other metals? A.      Tin B. Mercury C. Lead D. Zinc 6.       Chemical formula for water is A.      NaA1O2 B. H2O C. Al2O3 D. CaSiO3 7.       The gas usually filled in the electric bulb is A.      nitrogen B. hydrogen C. carbon dioxide D. oxygen 8.       Washing soda is the common name for A.      Sodium carbonate B. Calcium bicarbonate C. Sodium bicarbonate D. Calcium carbonate 9.       Quartz crystals normally used in quartz clocks etc. is chemically A.      silicon dioxide B. germanium oxide C. a mixture of germanium oxide and silicon dioxide D. sodium silicate 10.    Which of the gas is not known as green house gas? A.      Methane B. Nitrous oxide C. Carbon dioxide D. Hydrogen INSTRUCTIONAL PLANNING, STRATEGIES, ASSESSMENT, LEARNING ENVIRONMENT (PEDAGOGY)     10 MARKS PEDAGOGY ·                  Pedagogy is the holistic science of education. the word is derived from a Greek word Paidos and ago, which means  "to lead the child" ·                  The word "education" is derived from the Latin ēducātiō (“A breeding, a bringing up, a rearing") from ēdūcō (“educate,  train”) ·                  In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses, and their content, offered at a school or university. ·                  curriculum came from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adult ·                  Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. Deals with ·                  What is knowledge? ·                  How is knowledge acquired? ·                  Ontology is the study or concern about what kinds of things exist - what entities there are in the universe. It derives from the Greek onto (being) and logia (written or spoken discourse). It is a branch of metaphysics, the study of first principles or the essence of things. ·                  Axiology is The study of the nature of values and value judgments. ·                  Pre-nnialists believe that one should teach the things that one deems to be of everlasting pertinence to all people everywhere ·                  Educational essentialism is an educational philosophy whose adherents believe that children should learn the traditional basic subjects thoroughly and rigorously ·                  Progressivists believe that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental to one's education. Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivists center their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of students Philosophy of education can refer to either the academic field of applied philosophy or to one of any educational philosophies that promote a specific type or vision of education, and/or which examine the definition, goals and meaning of education. CURRICULUM DEVOLPMENT Curriculum: According to Ralph Taylor, Curriculum means all those activities which are provides to students in the school or out of school in order to achieve the predetermined activities. According to Smith, Stanely and Shore: Curriculum includes all the activities organized by the school inside or outside the classroom. These activities are sequential in the nature. According to J. F Kert: All the learning which is planned or guided by the school is called curriculum. Characteristics of a Good Curriculum: ·         Totality of activities ·         A mean to an end ·         Total school environment ·         Totality of experience ·         Mirror of educational trends ·         Development of balanced personality ·         Process of living ·         Dynamic ·         Mirror of philosophy of life ·         Achievement of goals DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CURRICULUM, SYLLABUS, COURSE AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM Curriculum: According to K.A Leithwood (1981) Curriculum encompassed educational philosophy, values, objectives, organizational structure, materials, teaching strategies, student experiences and assessment and learning outcomes. Syllabus: A list of the content of a course of the work simply means collection. It usually specifies the content, learning outcomes and the time allocation for various topics. Course: It is defines as the series of planed units related to each other. In course of study organized subject is to the covered with specified mind, teaching goods and suggestion for instructional strategies. Educational program: It concerns with the specific period of course of study. Need of Curriculum: ·         Achievement of educational aims ·         Fixing limits ·         Development of democratic values ·         Development of citizenship ·         Development of character ·         Satisfaction of needs ·         Criteria of suitable teacher ·         Acquisition of knowledge ·         Development of personality ·         Reflects trends in education ·         Discoveries of and invention ELEMENTS OF CURRICULUM: AIMS, GOALS, OBJECTIVES:                             Educational aims refer to the overall purpose of education, which represent the needs and aspiration in an educational policy. Goals are the general purpose of the educational that normally prepared for particular stage or level of the education system Objective refer more precisely to the changes in behavior ,which we hope will result from studying particular courses,  SUBJECT MATTER OR CONTENT: This is the element, which has been emphasized mainly in the past. METHODOLOGY:                         It includes the methods adopted by the teacher during instruction and the learning experience or activities performed by the students. EVALUATION:                         Give a judgment .decision about the worth, value or standard of something according to some specific rules or regulation is called evaluation. Foundation of Curriculum:                         Curriculum must take in to account the following consideration or foundations otherwise it will remain bookish and divorced from life. A curriculum that ignores these foundations does not serve any purpose. a sound curriculum  must be based on the needs and aspiration of the learners as well as of the society. Philosophical Foundation:                         Philosophy is the pursuit of wisdom and knowledge. It is study of realities and general principles. It concerns with the research of internal truth. Every society is held together by a common faith or “philosophy” which serves its members as guide for living a good life. Psychological Foundation:                         The psychology is derived from the Greek words “psyche” means soul and “logos” mean study. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior.            Psychology attempts to describe. Explain and predict human behavior. Psychology gives us an insight in to the child’s development and learning and provides various techniques of inquiry for use in the curriculum area. Sociological Foundation: Sociology as deemed in dictionaries is the science or study of society.           A curriculum that ignores sociology foundation does not serve any purpose. It results in wastages of time, energy and resources. It will produce individual, who can’t play their role effectively enlightened members of a society. Historical Foundation:                         Every society has its own specific historical background. A curriculum that ignores historical foundation does not fulfill any purpose. For example, as two nation theory in the history of Pakistan. TYPES OF CURRICULUM:                         The written curriculum, gives the basic lesson plan to be followed, including objectives, sequence and materials. This provides the basis for accountability. The operational curriculum is what is taught by the teacher and how it is communicated. This includes what the teacher teaches in the class and the learning outcomes for the student.  The hidden curriculum includes the norms and values of the surrounding society. These are stronger and more durable that the first two and may be in confident with them. The NULL curriculum consists of what is not taught. Consideration must be given to the reason behind why things are not included in the official or operational curriculum.            The extra curriculum is the planed experience outside of the specific educational season. Formal is the accepted, committee passed, written documents that are supposed to guide practices. Here at Andrews we might find some of this in the university bulletin. Informally curriculum is those activates that happen that are not designed, planned, of formally accepted by the school. Curriculum developers, drawing upon their personal experience ,their preferred conception of curriculum and their understanding of curriculum drawn from the  curriculum foundations, have constructed curricula according to designs, which may be categorized as 1)               Core curriculum. 2)               Subject centered curriculum. 3)               Learner centered curriculum. 4)               Activity based curriculum. 5)               Integrated curriculum 1.     CORE CURRICULUM: The term core curriculum is sometimes simply called the “core”. The terminology applied to core type course includes general education, basic education basic studies, social living and unified studies. Which such divers name, it is expected that there would be vide variation in the programs represented 2.     SUBJECT CENTERED CURRICULUM Subject centered curriculum is still the most widely used curriculum pattern in our schools. It regards learning primarily as cognitive development and the acquisition of knowledge and information. With this approach, the entire subjects for instruction are separated. In general the content areas are taught in isolation, which no attempt at integration.             The subject curriculum places emphasis on oral discourse and extensive explanation. 3.     LEARNER CENTERED CURRICULUM:           Child centered curriculum is to be varied and elastic, meeting in visual differences and adopted to individual needs and requirements. Satisfaction of the child nature is period of the equipment for future life. 4.     ACTIVITY BASED CURRICULUM:           In activity based curriculum, the pupils engage in any activities, which are desirable for their development. 5.      INTEGRATED CURRICULUM:                                                                                                                                             integration is the process of emerging different subjects or pat subjects through coordination so that individual components lose their subjects identity. 6.     HIDDEN CURRICULUM: The hidden curriculum is a term to used to described the unwritten social rules and expectation of behavior that we all seen to know, but we were taught.             Hidden curriculum refers to message communicated by the organization and operation of schooling apart from the official or public statements of school mission and subject area curriculum guidelines. In other words the medium is a key source of message. The message of hidden curriculum usually deals with attitudes, values, beliefs and behavior. The massage of hidden curriculum may complement or contradict each other as well as the official curriculum. MODELS OF CURRICULUM      Curriculum development is seen here as a process of making programmatic decisions and for revising the product of those decision based on continuous and subsequent evaluation. TYLER MODEL:              Perhaps the best model or one of the known model curriculum development with special attention to the planning in Ralph W.T Tyler in the class little book basic principle of curriculum and instructions ”. Source students                                                source society                                                  source subject                                                                          Tentative general goals             Screen philosophy of education                                                          screen psychology of learning             Precise instructional objectives             Selection of learning experiences             Direction of learning experience Evaluation of learning experience D.K Wheeler (1967) Model             In his influential book curriculum process wheeler argued for curriculum developers to employ a cyclical process in which each element is related and interdependent and fellow a cyclical pattern as evidence in five below. Yet his approach to devising curricula is still essentially rational in nature. Each phase is logical development of the proceeding one, for most commonly; work in one phase can’t be attempted until some work has been done in proceeding phase.             D.K Wheeler presented the model of curriculum in the following cyclical shape. Lawton Model:             Lawton model has provided us with five stage flow chart on curriculum development.                                                          1st stage: the 1st in Lawton’s model deals with the needs to achieve clarity about the aims of education about reality, knowledge and reality.                                                                                                                                                   2nd stage: the 2nd stage, that of improving society. According to Lawton the sociological questions about the curriculum of two folds. One is needs of individual in the society; the second is knowledge of which is related to society.                        3rd stage: the 3rd stage is the selection from the culture and is reached once. Philosophical and sociological question have been posed and answered.                                                                                                                                     4th stage: in 4th stage, Lawton deals with the question of psychology. According to him, psychology might criticize the typical curriculum in term of effectiveness of the organization of learning and method of teaching.                                              5th stage: finally stage five Lawton suggests that we examine how the curriculum is organized in stage and sequence. PROCESS OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN             Curriculum revision/development is ideally an ongoing, assessment, planning and design, teacher training materials, implementation monitoring, feedback and evaluation, the curricula renewal is based on the following broad areas of concern.             To incorporate changes at national and global level.             Incorporating issues of global significance include environment change, degradation, population control, gender issues and international understanding and cooperation. Fostering respect for and prevention of cultural tradition ad indigenous values and ways of life. Fostering is the moral values through Islamic principle and ethics among pupils. Promoting democratic value, respect for an appreciation of cultural diversity that characterize Pakistani society and the broader global society. To introduce competency based curricula by defining mini involved in learning competence at both primary and secondary level. Following are the steps involved in curriculum development in Pakistan.             Curriculum wing request the provincial centers to prepare draft curriculum for each subject taught in various classes up to the class XII. Provincial curriculum committees prepare curriculum plane.  The draft is sent to the curriculum wing.         The national committee of curriculum scrutinized the drafts in the light of the comments. The committee submits its recommendation to the ministry approval. The curriculum schemes duly approved are passed, on the provincial text book. Nine types of curriculum adaptation: 1. Quantity:             Adapt the number of items that the learners is expected to learn or number of activities student will complete prior to assessment for mastery. For example, reduced the number of social studies terms a learner must learn at any one time. Add more practice activities or worksheets. 2. Time:             Adapt the time allotted and allowed for learning, task completion or testing, for example, individuals a timeline for completing the task, pace learning difficulty for some learner. 3. Level of support:             Increase the amount of personal assistance to keep the student on task or to reinforce or prompt use of specific skills, enhance adult student’s relationship, use physical space and environmental structure. For example, assign peer buddies, teaching assistant, peer tutors or cross age tutors, specify how to interact with the student or how to structure the environment. 4. Input:                                                                                                                                                                                             adapt the way instruction is delivered to the learner. For example, use different visual aids, enlarge text, plan more concrete examples, provides hands on activities place students in cooperative groups, pre teach key concepts or terms before the lesson. 5. Difficulty:             Adapt the skill level, problem type or the learner may approach the work. For example allow the use of a calculator to figure math problems, simplify tasks direction and change rules to accommodate learner needs. 6. Output:             Adapt who the student can respond to instruction. For example instead of answering questions in writing allow a verbal response, use a communication book for some students, allow students to show knowledge with hands on materials. 7. Participation:             Adapt the extent to which the learner is actively involved in the task. For example, in geography have students hold the globe, while other point out location, ask the students to lead a group. Have the student turn the pages while sitting on your lap. 8. Alternate goals:             Adapt the goals or outcome expectation while using the some materials, when routinely utilized, this is only for student with moderate to severe disabilities. For example, in a social studies lesson, expect a student to be able to locate the colors of the states on a map, while other students learn to locate each state and name the capital. 9. Substitute curriculum:             Provide different instruction and materials to meet learner individual’s goals. When routinely utilized, this is only for students with moderate to serve disabilities. For example, during a language lesson a student is learning toileting skills with an aide. Factors affecting curriculum development in Pakistan:             As curriculum revision in Pakistan is attempted adhoc basis and is never based on adequate research, experimentation and formative evaluation, the discussion about the failure or success of curriculum implementation will be based on theoretical framework already discussed. As for as desirable outcomes we have not been successful to achieve and thus the implementation of curriculum design in Pakistan seems to be a failure. ·         Teacher are reluctant to accept the change ·         Lack of in-service training ·         Political interference ·         Economic problems ·         Inadequate evaluation ·         Lack of commitment of national philosophy ·         Disapproval of the society ·         Lack of sequence ·         Curriculum is more urbanized  ·         Lack of the teaching materials. TEACHING METHODS Some Definitions of Teaching: According to Burton: “Teaching is the stimulation, guidance, direction and encouragement of learning”. According to T.F Green: “Teaching is the task of teacher which is performed for the development of a child”. According to N.L. Gage: “Teaching is a process of establishing inters personal relationships between the teacher and the taught. In this sense, teaching becomes a cooperative act”. According to Brubacher: “An arrangement and manipulation of a situation in which there are gaps and obstruction which an individual will seek to overcome and from which he will learn in the cause of doing so”. According to Hyman: “Teaching involves a trade of elements (the teacher, the pupil, the subject matter) and this trade is dynamic in quality. According to Hugh and Duncan: “Teaching is an activity, a unique professional, rational human activity in which one creatively and imaginatively uses himself and his knowledge to promote the learning and welfare of others”. The Nature of Teaching:             Having considered a number of definitions of teaching, we are in a position to discuss the various aspects of the true nature of teaching. These are given as under:             The modern concept of the nature of teaching is that it is triangular or tripolar process (teacher child, and the subject matter). ·         Teaching is a chain of activities. ·         The goal of all teaching is a desirable change in behavior. ·         Teaching is an intimate contact between a mature person and immature one. ·         Teaching is an interactive process. ·         Teaching is giving information. ·         Teaching is causing to learn. ·         Teaching is a direction. ·         Teaching is an encouragement. ·         Teaching is stimulating learning. ·         Teaching is a giving guidance. Teaching involves a large number of activities, which leads to the child are all around development. Arrangement and Manipulation of situation (Teaching causes learning, during the process, the teaching is likely to face a number of obstructions, which he must overcome. For this purpose, he requires to arrange and manipulate situations in such a manner as to overcome the obstructions). ·         Teaching is helping the child to make effective adjustment to his environment. ·         Teaching is helping the child to develop emotional stability. ·         Teaching is a profession and the act of teaching is a professional activity. ·         Teaching is an art as well as a science. The art of teaching brings into play the teacher’s inborn talents. Principles of Teaching:             Principles of effective teaching may be discussed under two heads, act of good teaching essentially demands that the teacher should know the child’s mind: and he must also understand the methods he is employing for teaching. The teacher’s method must conform to the child nature as well as the content in hand. To be successful in teaching, the teacher must under: ·         General principles of teaching. ·         Psychological principles of teaching. 1.      General Principles of Teaching:       Following are the general principles of teaching: ·         The principle of aim (There should be a definite aim for every lesson). ·         The principle of activity. ·         The principle of linking with actual life. ·         The principle of knowledge of entering behavior. ·         The principle of planning (Good teaching is always planned, planning involved selection, division and revision). ·         The principle of subject mastery. ·         The principle of pupil participation. ·         The principle of correlation (Sub units of the topic are correlated with each other). ·         The principle of utilizing past experience. ·         The principle of suggestiveness (Good teaching is suggestive rather than authoritative). ·         The principle of liberating the learner. ·         The principle of repetition and exercise. ·         The principle of looking ahead (Good teaching looks ahead while it also takes into account the past experiences of the children). 2.      Psychological Principles of Teaching:       Successful teaching is as much a matter of psychology as of theory. Theory teaching is translated into general principles while the psychology of teaching is translated into psychological principles, which over classroom environment, student’s motivation, reinforcement and feedback. Principles based on the psychological principles. Hence, the teacher should change his subject matter, environment and methods of teaching from time to time, so that the students remain interested in the teaching learning process. The teacher should introduce some recreation in the process of teaching in order to maintain the interest of the students. ·         The principle of feedback and reinforcement. ·         The principle of providing training to senses. ·         The principle of utilizing group dynamics ( in group behavior, a student thinks in manner in which other students in the group think). ·         The principle of encouraging self learning. ·         The principle of fostering creativity and self expression. ·         The principle of remedial teaching. To Sum up:       Good teaching is kindly and sympathetic, stimulating, progressive, diagnostic, remedial, full of guided activity linked with real life and librates the learner to do without the teacher. Whatever be the nature of the lesson, the teacher should never loose sight of these principles. Meaning and Concept of Teaching Methods:       Teaching method is a style of the presentation of content in classroom. It has presented broad meaning of the term “Method”.       Broudy (1963): has stated that “Method” refers to the formal structure of the sequence of acts commonly denoted by instruction. The term method covers both strategies and tactics of teaching and involves the choice of what is to be taught and in which order is it to be presented”. Maxims of Teaching:       Teaching activities and instructional procedure are performed by using maxims of teaching.       The term “Maxims of Teaching” may be defined as rules for presenting difficult terms and concepts to make them easy to comprehend in classroom teaching.       The following are the main features of a maxim of teaching. ·         Teaching maxims helps in organizing teaching activities. ·         It makes presentation of terms and concept easily understandable. ·         It enables teacher to make his communication effective for the mental level of the students. ·         It is important component of instructional procedure, which is used in designing and presenting content in an effective way. Types of Maxims of Teaching:       Teaching activities and tasks of teaching are organized and performed in various ways. Even a concept is presented in different ways. It is the teacher who decides the way of his teaching activities based on his experiences and insight and in view of learners comprehension level. Therefore, awareness of these maxims of essential for teacher. The following are some important maxims of teaching. ·         From simple to complex. ·         From known to unknown. ·         From part to whole. ·         From whole to part. ·         From concrete to abstract. ·         From direct to indirect. ·         From particular to general. ·         From analysis to synthesis. ·         From empirical to rationale. ·         From psychological to logical. ·         To follow nature etc. Features of Good Teaching:       Following are the features of good teaching. ·         Good teaching is stimulating. ·         Good teaching is not a matter of pouring in, but drawing out. ·         Good teaching is not a passive act, but an active process. ·         Good teaching is a mature skill. ·         Good teaching is involves a skill in guiding. ·         Good teaching is well planned. ·         Good teaching is a means of adjustment. ·         Good teaching is a organization of learning. ·         Good teaching is suggestive and cooperative. ·         Good teaching is kindly and sympathetic. ·         Good teaching is democratic. ·         Good teaching is equipping the child for future. ·         Good teaching is both diagnostic and remedial. ·         Good teaching is correlative. ·         Good teaching liberates the learner. Phases of Teaching:       The activities in teaching carry special importance. Its main cause is that though these activities, the pupils get much assistance in learning. In other words, the learning experiences are acquired in a natural way. It should be remembered that these activities are different in the different phase of teaching. The teaching phases are as follow. 1.      Pre active phase of teaching:       In the pre active phase of teaching the planning of teacher is carried over. This phase includes all those activities which a teacher performs before classroom teaching or before entering the classroom.       Following activities are included in pre active phase of teaching. ·         Fixation of goals. ·         Decision making about the subject matter. ·         Arranging/ sequencing the elements of content for presentation. ·         Decision about the strategies of teaching. ·         Distribution of teaching strategies. 2.      Interactive Phase of Teaching:       In the interactive phase of teaching all those activities are included which a teacher over right from entering the classroom till the presentation of the contents. In the P.W Jackson’s words, the explanations, ask questions, listen to students, response and provides guidance”.       The following activities are included in the interactive phase of teaching. ·         Sizing up of the class. ·         Diagnosis of the learners. ·         Action and reaction or achievement. ·         The action and reaction activities included the following activities. ·         Selection of the stimuli. ·         Feedback and reinforcement. ·         Deployment of strategies. 3.      Post Active Phase of Teaching: In this phase of teaching, as the teacher sums up, the teacher asks the questions from the pupils, verbally or in written form, to measure the behavior of the pupils so that their achievements may be evaluated correctly. Therefore, evaluation aspect includes all those activities, which can evaluate the achievements of the pupils and attainment of the objectives. The following activities are considered in the post active phase of teaching. ·         Defining the exact dimension of the changes caused by teaching. ·         Selecting appropriate testing devices and techniques. ·         Changing the strategies in terms of evidence gathered. Teaching Strategies:       Teaching strategy is the means to achieve learning objectives.       E. Stone and S. Morris have defined the term teaching strategy comprehensively in the following manner.       “Teaching strategy is a generalized plan for a lesson which includes structure, desired learner behavior in terms of goals of instruction and an outline of planned tactics necessary to implement the strategy. The lesson strategy is a part of a larger development scheme of the curriculum”. MEANING AND CONCEPT OF TEACHING METHOD       Broudy (1963) has stated “Method refers to the formal structure of the sequence of acts commonly denoted by instruction. The term “Method” covers both strategies and tactics of teaching and involves the choice of what is to be taught and in which order is it to be presented”.       Teaching method is a style of the presentation of content in classroom. It has presented broad meaning of the term “Method”. According to this matter is important for determining method. The common teaching matter may be of three types, hence all the methods can be classified under three heads. 1.      Telling Method           Lecture, Questioning, Discussion, etc. 2.      Showing Method        Demonstration, Excursion, etc. 3.      Doing Method            Project, Role-playing, Practical, etc. Strategy                       How to achieve goals? Method                       How to present? Technique                    How to implement? Tactics                         These are related with the achievement of objectives. These relate to strategy. These are used to achieve the goals. Important Note:       Teaching is a process.       Instruction is a direction.       Learning is a change. Strategy:       It is from Greek word “Strategos” Stratos means army and agein mean to lead.                           Military planning of war, the science or art of planning and conducting a war or a military campaign.Planning is any field, a carefully devised plan of education to achieve a goal or the art of developing or carrying out such a plan. Art of planning. Method:       Via Latin from Greek, Methods, which means “Pursuit” from meta “after” and hodos means “journey”.       Way of doing something, a way of something or carrying something out, especially according to a plan.       Orderliness, orderly thought, action or technique.                           Body of scientific technique, the body of systematic techniques used by a particular discipline, especially a scientific one.       Order, organization and planning for doing something are emphasized. Technique:       Via from Greek tekhnikos which means “of art”.       Procedure or skill used in a task, the procedure skill or art used in a particular task.                     Way in which the basics are treated, the way in which the basics of something, for example, an artistic work or a sport are treated. Skill in handling the technique of something skill or expertise in handling the technique of something a pianist with superb technique. Special ability, a special work or knack.Special  ability or art is emphasized. Tactics:       Via modern Latin from Greek “Taktikos” which means “of arrangements” from taktos “arranged” “from tessein to “to arrange”.       Literally method used or a course of action followed in order to achieve an immediate or short-tem aim.       Arrangement of the course of actions for immediate or short term aim is emphasized.       Strategy: It means, artistically, skillful way, broader sense.       Methods: Method depends upon on the nature of content.       Main methods are, telling, doing and showing.       Some methods also fall in strategy for example, lecture method, project method. Techniques:       Techniques belong to methods.       Method is also abstract, techniques are psychological in nature and techniques are used for the implementation of methods. Types of Techniques: Following are the types of techniques. ·         Questioning, Discussion, Exposition, Illustration, Story telling, Narration, Supervised study. ·         Techniques play a role of bridge between strategy and method. ·         There are two major teaching strategies: Direct strategy:       The direct strategy is highly teacher centered and is among the most commonly used. Indirect strategy:       Indirect instruction seeks a high level of student involvement in observing, investigating drawing inferences from data or forming hypothesis. Pedagogical approach:       It is an educational approach characterized by teacher centeredness, it is also known as art, science, profession or study of teaching. Andragogical approach:       Andragogy consists of learning strategies focused on teaching adults. It is often interpreted as the process of engaging adult learners in the structure of the learning experiences. Pedagogues:       A number of people contributed to the theories of pedagogy, among these are, Benjamin Bloom, Maria Montessori, John Dewey, Johann Heinrich Pestalozi, Jean Piaget, Friedrich Froeble, Lev Vyogtsky etc. General Methods of Teaching:       Methods may be defined as a systematic procedure adopted for the attainment of some specific objectives.       The need of right methods of teaching cannot be underestimated in an ideal system of education. In fact the problem of method can no more be ignored in any system of educational philosophy and practice than that of the aim or the curriculum? “Even the best curriculum and the most perfect syllabus remains ineffective unless quickened into life by the right methods of teaching”.       Now a days more and more emphasis is being laid on improvement of teaching methods since the traditional methods are not trustworthy in fulfilling the objectives. Lecture Method:       This is a method which is generally followed in colleges and in schools with big classes. In this method only the teacher talks, the students are passive listeners and they do not take any active part. Recitation Method:       This is the most powerful technique for imprinting material on the mind and moving to longer-term memory.       The recall method or recitation method improves memory and learning in following ways. ·         It forces you to decide what is most important in what you read. ·         It forces you to put the material in your own words. ·         It brings you to full alertness because it is a very active and demanding technique. ·         It reveals whether you really did grasp the material. Discussion Method:       The discussion method of teaching is a process in which a small group assembles to communicate with each other, using speaking, listening and nonverbal processes in order to achieve instructional objectives. There are group members, who have reciprocal influence over one another and they are affected by the behavior of one another in the group. The participants use the available time to communicate with each other.       Forms or types of discussion: The Symposium:       In this type of discussion, three or more persons present their views on a several sided question or topic. The panel discussion:       Here few people with different backgrounds and experiences discuss a thing while other listens. Information group discussion:       Here the pupil is the leader of the discussion activities. Leadership qualities are developed in the leader. Formalized group discussion:       Here there is a discussion leader and there are several resources members who represent special skills and specialized knowledge essential to the problems which the group is discussing and there is a recorder. The leader keeps the discussion on the track. At intervals, he summarizes the discussion and clarifies the discussion before the next point. No confusion should prevail. Institutional forms of socialized procedure:       It has become popular to cast the class into one of many forms of social organization the exist in the community. Such we can have mock parliament, a party convention and all that. This way, we can get the feel of our democratic limitations. Demonstration Method:       In this method, the teacher really teaches, students are active participants in a demonstration and their faculties of observation and reasoning are properly exercised. It is based on work out something, then, and only then, the students will believe. This is Heuristics Method:       The term “heuristic” has been borrowed from the word “heurism” it means “discover or investigate”. The purpose of communication is to develop the tendency of investigation. Arm Strong is the exponent of this strategy. It is based upon the assumption of Herbert Spencer that the learner should be told as little as possible and he should be encouraged to learn himself as much as possible.       Polio and Danker (1945) have mentioned this strategy in their article “Problem solving”. The strategy involves “trial and error” and invention techniques. This strategy is very economical and speedy. It requires more logical and imaginative thinking in formulating the number tentative solutions for the problem. Project Method:       It is a problematic act carried to completion in its natural setting (Kilpatrick).       A project is a test of real life that has been imported in school. (Ballard).       It is voluntary undertaking, which involves constructive efforts or thought and eventuates into subjective result. (Yhornos Long).       It is a unit of activity in which pupils are made responsible for planning and purposing. (Parker)       Steps in project method: Following are the steps of project method of teaching. ·         Provision of a situation. ·         Selection of objectives. ·         Planning. ·         Execution. ·         Evaluation. ·         Recording. Activity Method:       Activity method emphasizes the creative and spontaneous aspects of experience. Activity method brings the students close to the real life situation. They get first hand experience in an environment in which they are performing certain activity.        Anything which is carried out with a purpose in a social environment involving physical and mental action is an activity. Problem Solving Method:       Problem-solving method occurs in difficult situations in which a solution is not obtainable by the habitual methods of applying concepts and principles, derived from past experience in very similar situations.       We may define problem solving as: “A manner of dealing with that, which is problematic. A method involving clear definition of problems confronted formation of hypothetical solutions hunch or suggestion, deliberate test of hypothesis until evidence warrants its acceptance”.       There are two methods of problem solving. 1.      Inductive: In this method, generalizations are drawn from particulars. Principles are farmed from observation and rules are made from instances or examples. 2.      Deductive: In this process, rules, principles and conclusions are applied to particular cases. 3.      Inductive Method: In this method, the child is enabled to arrive at the general conclusion, establish laws or formulate generalization through the observation of particular facts and concrete examples. 4.      Deductive Method: It is the opposite of the inductive method. Here the learner proceeds from general to particular, abstract to concrete and formula to examples. 5.      Drill Method: Models that rely on practice are used extensively where the purpose of instruction is to enable students to acquire a skill or a proficiency in doing some overt act. Often it is intermingled with recitation and discussion methods, such as a courses in foreign languages, mathematics, music and art and in athletic programs of all kinds. 6.      Question Answer Method: Question answer method is also known as Socratic Strategy. It is developed by the famous philosopher Socrates. He assumes that all knowledge within the learner and teacher has to unfold. He further assumes that teacher should present the subject matter in such a way that learner recognizes the truth he can identify himself with it.       Types of questions in Socratic Methods: The following are the main types of questions. ·         Introductory Questions. ·         Developing Questions. ·         Recapitulatory Questions. ·         Evaluatory Questions. ·         Didactic questions: These questions are used for providing new knowledge to the students. ·         Testing questions: These questions are used assessing and diagnosis purpose. 7.      Group Differentiated Method: Group differentiated method is based on the principle that no student is particularly different from any group or class of students. All students are equally capable and efficient. It is a balanced instruction for individuals and groups.       Thus, we may define group instruction as, “This instruction is imparted collectively to a group of students at the same time and place”. Therefore, we can say that it is not specified/ restricted to a single student rather it focuses on all students equally. Innovative Methods of Teaching:       Following are the innovative methods of teaching.       Micro Teaching: in order to understand the concept of micro teaching more clearly and precisely, let us study the expert views on it. According to Allen: “A scaled down teaching encounter is class size and class time”. In this way, teaching is reduced to simple form. Size of the class is reduced to 5-10 students. Duration of teaching period is reduced 5-10 minutes. According to Bush:       “A teacher education technique which allows teachers to apply well defined teaching skills to a carefully prepared lesson in a planned series of five to ten minutes encounter with small group of real class room students, often with an opportunity to observe the performance on video tape”. According to B.K. Passi:       “Micro teaching is a training technique which requires pupil teachers to teach a single concept, using specific teaching skills to small number of pupils in a short duration of time”. Characteristics of Micro Teaching:       On the basis of above definitions, following are the main features or characteristics of micro teaching. ·         Real teaching situation. ·         Scaled down teaching (class size 5-10 students, time 5-10 minutes) ·         Individualized teaching. ·         More controlled. ·         Feedback mechanism. Simulation Method:       Etymologically, the word simulation is derived from the word “Simulate” which means to reproduce certain conditions by means of model, for study or training purposes. So, simulation refers to operation in which real situation is represented in another form.       Simulation, by definition, is an artificial situation of the student teacher in the various class room situations. In other words, it is meant to create artificial situations, which provide artificial experiences for the participants. Programmed Instruction:       Programmed instruction is a new innovation which is the result of the experimental study of the learning process in the psychological laboratory. It is infact, the first application of laboratory technique utilized in the study of the learning process to the practical problems of education.       According to Dr. N.S. Mavi:       “Programmed instruction is a technique of converting the live instructional process into self learning or auto instructional readable material in the form of micro sequences”. Computer Assisted Instruction (C.A.I.):       In the CAI, the computer interacts directly with the learners while presenting lessons. It delivers instruction directly to students and allows them to interact with the computer through the lessons programmed in the system. The computer’s ability to engage in instructional “dialogue” with the student while delivering information makes it adaptable to any number of instructional situations. It can facilitate various instructional modes. Team Teaching:       Team teaching is comparatively new idea in the field of education. It is one of the innovations in instructional organization to ensure optimum use of resources, interest, and expertise. It was originated in American education in 1954. It has assumed many dimensions and is now a big movement. According to Shaplin:       “Team teaching is a type of instructional organization, involving teaching personnel and the students assigned to them, in which two or more teachers are given responsibility of working together, for all or a significant part of the instruction of some group of students”.       According to Michael J. Apter:       “Team teaching involves bringing together a number of classes whose teaching is then the joint responsibility of the teachers of these classes who now constitute a team”. Peer Tutoring:       While family is the first and basic of the primary groups with which a child is associated, peer group interactions soon become frequent, the playgroup for the small child and the teenage clique for the adolescent. The peer group provides significant learning experiences in how to interact with others, how to be accepted by others and how to achieve a status in a circle of friends. Individualized Instruction:       In teaching world even we take a small group of pupils, we do not find children alike. So individuality exists all around us. We cannot deny this fact and to make teaching more effective we should accept this reality.       In other words, that is “to consider one’s level and desire”. Thus, individual method provides for an individual child, facilities of instruction, keeping in view his needs, intelligence and motivation, rate of learning, capacity and aim of life.       In short, we can say, that it would bring confidence, self-respect and self-reliance in children. In modern ear, a child centered education system is thought as the best. Therefore, it is needed to prefer the individual brought up to make teaching and training meaningful. Cooperative Learning:       Cooperative learning takes many forms within classrooms. Its essential characteristics are that it fosters positive interdependence by teaching students to work and learn together in a small group setting. Traditional cooperative learning groups consist of three or four students who work on an assignment or project together in such a way that each group member contribute to the learning process and then learns all the basic concepts being taught. Both individual students and the group as a whole are held accountable for the outcome. Cooperative learning provides unique learning experiences for students and offers an alternative to competitive models of education. It is especially beneficial to students who learn best through social or group learning processes. It offers opportunities for students to learn through speaking and listening processes (oral language) as well as through reading and writing processes (written language)       Cooperative learning offers many benefits for students, it improves both academic learning and social skills, for teachers, it is an aid to classroom management and instruction.       Characteristics of cooperative Learning: Following are the characteristics of Cooperative Learning.       Uses small groups of three or four students (micro groups)       Focuses on tasks to be accomplished.       Mandates individual responsibility to learn.       Ports division of labor. Teleconferencing:       Educational teleconferencing can be valuable medium for interactive group communication by means of a two way broadcast. Three main types of teleconferencing have been identified.       Audio teleconferencing.       Video teleconferencing.       Computer teleconferencing.       Audio teleconferencing being the most commonly used technique in distance education institution.       Teleconferencing is an electronic means which can bring together three or four people in two or more locations to discuss or share the use of two way and one way video, both full motion and show scan, electronic black boards, facsimile, computer graphic, radio, satellite and videotext. Role Playing or Dramatization:       A number of techniques are being used currently for the modification of teacher behavior. The simulated social skill training (SSST) is one of them. Cruick Shank (1968) had developed a teacher training system. This system of training is being denoted by several terms such as Role-playing, Artificial teaching, Pilot training, Laboratory method, Clinical method and Inductive scientific method.       It is method of teaching drama and training device of simulation. This method is also termed as simulated social skill training (SSST) or teaching. It is most useful for developing social skills. It is best method of teaching drama, because in this method learners are most active and based on the principle learning by doing.       Following are the main methods of teaching drama. ·         Lecture method. ·         Ideal drama method. ·         Classroom drama method of teaching. ·         Stage drama method or dramatization method. ·         Review method of teaching. ·         Integrated or combined method of teaching. ·         The dramatization method and review method are more useful for teaching drama. Factors that determine the method to be used:       Following are the factors, which determine the method to be used. ·         Age of the students. ·         Nature of content. ·         Class size.       Resources available also determine the method to be used effectively.       Every method requires expertise e.g., project method needs an expert person to provide guidance.       Training method should be selected according to the nature of students depending on the psychological principles. Lesson Planning Approaches:       Different approaches of lesson planning are given below.       According to Bruce Joyce.       Well Marsha (1980) “Lesson plan is the title given to a statement of the objectives to be realized and the specific means of which these are attained as a result of activities engaged during the period”.       According to Smith B.O. (1983)       “Daily lesson planning involves defining the objectives, selecting and arranging the subject matter and determining the method and procedure”.       Herbartian approach to lesson planning: It is based on an apperceptive theory of learning, i.e. mind of the child is like a clean slate. If the new knowledge related to previous knowledge is given. It will be more say and retainable for a longer period.       This approach is influenced by classical human organization theory because it is a teacher centered approach.       This approach is used for memory level teaching and involves five steps. ·         Preparation. ·         Presentation. ·         Comparison. ·         Abstraction. ·         Generalization.       This approach is commonly used in teaching of various school subjects. On the basis of five steps outline of a lesson plan is given in the following form. Date-------------------------- Class--------------- Period-------------------------- Subject------------------------------ Topic-------------------------------- General objectives Specific objectives Introduction (Declaration of topic) Teaching aids. Previous knowledge Statement of aim Presentation Explanation Blackboard Summary Home assignments CONCEPT OF TEST, MEASUREMENT, ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION Test: According to Norman E.Gronlund (1985) Test is an instrument procedure or systematic procedure for measuring a sample of behavior (answer the question how well does the individual perform)            According to Ebel & Frisbie (1991): A test is set of question each of which has a correct answer, that examine usually answer orally or in writing      Measurement:            According to Norman E.Gronlund (1985)            Measurement is the process of obtaining a numerical description of the degree to which an individual process particular characteristics. Assessment:            According to Murry print (1993)            Assessment involves the interpretation of measurement data. It makes sense of the data collected on student performance. Evaluation:            According to Mehrens & Lehmann (1984)             Evaluation is the process of delineating and providing useful information for judging decision alternatives. ROLL & NEED OF ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS            Assessment and evaluation play a pivotal role in teaching learning process following points may describe the role of assessment and evaluation in educational process. ·                  Guiding and counseling ·                  Judged different capabilities ·                  Use in administration ·                  Improve learning: evaluation procedures can contribute in improvement of learning. Improves instruction:  Information gathered through evaluation technique can be used to asses and improve instruction. ·                  Promotion and next class: on the basis of mark and grades, pupils are promoted in next class. ·                  Motivation and competition: by knowing their status or performance students are motivated to work more and complete the follows. TYPES OF ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION: Ø    Formative Assessment Ø    Summative Assessment Ø    Diagnostic Assessment Ø    Continuous Assessment Techniques of Assessment:            Following are the technique of assessment and evaluation:            Observation , interview , questionnaire , test , attitude scale , socionmetric technique , check list , project technique , rating scale , anecdotal records. TYPES OF TESTS            A test can be divided in to two categories. 1.               Objective type test: A.              Supply type test: short answer, completion. B.              Selection type test: True/Falls or alternative response, matching the columns, multiple-choice questions. 2.               Essay type test: A.              Extended response B.              Restricted response Standardized Test:            Standardized test refers to test that ·                  Has been expertly developed ·                  Includes clear instruction for uniform administration and scoring ·                  Provides tables of norms for score interpretation Teacher Made Test:            Test development by the class teacher in order to assess the achievement of the students in particular subjects is called a teacher made test Criterion Reference Test:            According to Norman E.Gronlund (1985)            “CRT” Is a test designed to provide a measure of performance that is interpretable in terms of a clearly defined and delimited of learning tasks. Norm Reference Test:            According to Norman E.Gronlund (1985) “NRT” is the test designed to provide a measure of performance that is interpretable in terms of an individual’s relative standing in some knowing group. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEST 1.              Validity                2.       Reliability 3.       Usability     4.       Objectivity 1.              Validity: Validity is the degree to which the test measure what is supposed to measure. Types of Validity: 1.               Content Validity: content validity is the degree to which a test measures an intended content area. 2.               Construct Validity: construct validity is the degree to which the test measures an intended hypothetical construct. 3.               Concurrent Validity: concurrent validity is the degree to which the scores on a test are related to the scores on another already established test administered at the same time. 4.               Predictive Validity: predictive validity is the degree to which a test can predict how well an individual will do in future. Factors Affecting Validity: ·                  Unclear direction ·                  Reading vocabulary and sentence structure too difficult ·                  Inappropriate level of difficulty of the test items ·                  Poorly constructed test time ·                  Ambiguity ·                  Test items inappropriate for the outcomes being measured ·                  Test too short ·                  Improper arrangement of items ·                  Identifiable pattern of answer 2.               Reliability       Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measure. A reliable test gives the same scores when administered and read ministered while an unreliable test does not give the same scores. Types of Reliability: 1.               Test retest reliability: which scores are consist over time 2.               Equivalent forms reliability: equivalent forms of a test are two tests that are identical in every way except for the actual items included. 3.               Spilt half reliability: split half reliability is determined by establishing the relationship between the scores on two question halves of a test administered to a group at one time. Factors Affecting Reliability: ·                  Length of test ·                  Spread of scores ·                  Difficulty of test ·                  Objectivity 3. Usability:     It is the characteristics of a test to fulfill following practical consideration. A.              Time of administration: a safe procedure is to allot as much time as is necessary to obtain valid and reliable rules. B.              Ease of administration: a test will be easy to administer when direction will be simple and clear. Sub tests will be few. Time of test will be suitable Ease of Scoring:            Those tests are favored that offer ease and economy of scoring without sacrificing scoring accuracy. Ease of Interpretation: When the results are present to the pupils or parents, ease of interpretation and application are especially important.  Availability of equivalent forms: equivalent forms of a test measure the same aspect of behavior by using test items that are alike in contents difficulty level and other characteristics.            Cost of testing: testing should be economical but sacrificing valid and reliable test of being high cost and selecting cheaper test is false economy. Objectivity: The objectivity is a test refers to the degree to which equally component scores obtained the same results. Table of specification: A sample of pupil performance is more likely to be representative if a set of specification is used in planning the test. The specification defines and limits the achievement domain to be measured and describe the sample of test items to be prepared. One form of specification is a two-way chart, called a table of specification. Table of specification involves: (1)            Obtaining the list of instructional objectives (2)            Outlining the course content (3)            Prepare the two-way chart that relates the instructional objectives to course content Administering Of Test: Physical condition: physical condition consist of ·                  Adequate work space ·                  Proper light ·                  Ventilation ·                  Comfortable temperature Psychological Conditions: Provision of conductive psychological atmosphere is of great importance which mean atmosphere free of threatening and warning pupils like: Threatening pupils which tests if they do not behave ·                  Warning pupils to do their best “ because this test is important” ·                  Telling pupils they must work fast in order to complete the test on time ·                  Threatening dire consequence if they fail the test Principle of Administering Of Test: ·                  Don’t talk unnecessarily before the test ·                  Keep interruption to a minimum during the test ·                  Avoids giving hints to pupils who ask about individual items ·                  Discourage cheating, if necessary ·                  Who can score of objectives tests be improved? Scoring of objectives tests can be improved by using : ·                  Scoring  key when separate answer sheets are provided ·                  When separate answer sheet are using , a scoring stencil is more convenient ·                  When there is no scoring key, mark tick ( √  ) for correct , mark cross ( x) for wrong and mark (0) for committed ·                  Score= total number of items-wrong or missing items ·                  Count and write the score on each page separately and then add all ·                  Mark on for each items ·                  Inform pupils for using guessing correction formula ·                  Function of marks and progress of reports: ·                  These facilities the pupils learning and development ·                  There is need for a periodic summary of progress ·                  Reports also give them a basic for checking the adequacy of their own self-estimates of learning progress. Types of Marking and Reporting: The traditional method of reporting pupil progress which is still in wide use today, is to assign letter grad e.g ( A,B,C,D,F) single number e,g (5,4,3,2,1) to represent a pupils achievement in each subject. Following are the types of marking and reporting; ·                  Traditional marking system ·                  Pass- fail system ·                  Checklist of objectives ·                  Letters to parents ·                  Parent teacher conferences ·                  Multiple marking and reporting systems Types of Grading ·                  Percent grading ·                  Norm reference grading ·                  Normal cure grading ·                  Pas-fail grading ·                  Criterion reference grading. SOLO TAXONOMY             The Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) was developed in 1970s by two Australian academicians-John Biggs and Kevin Collis.             Government of the Punjab established an autonomous examining body named as Punjab Examination Commission (PEC). The major purpose of establishing this body is to administer assessment-only examinations for grade 5 and grade 8. It is only focused on measuring learning outcomes of these students. SOLO suggests that there are five modes of cognitive functioning rather than the four developmental stages of Piaget. Biggs and Collis have provided a post-formal mode of development to describe shifts in cognitive growth beyond that normally observed among school children. ·                 Sensorimotor mode. The focus of attention (or source of elements) is the physical environment. Children develop the ability to coordinate and manage their interaction with the physical environment. ·                 Iconic mode. In this mode, symbols and imagery are used to represent the elements of the sensor motor mode ·                 Concrete symbolic mode. This mode involves a shift in abstraction from representing the physical world through oral language to using written, second order, symbol systems that apply to the experienced world ·                 Formal mode. As indicated above, the elements of attention in the formal mode are theoretical constructs without a real world referent. ·                 Post-formal mode. The existence of this mode seems to be hypothesized rather than be supported by empirical evidence. BLOOM’S TAXONOMY Before SOLO Taxonomy, Bloom’s taxonomy was used in Pakistan. The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, often called Bloom's Taxonomy, is a classification of the different objectives and skills that educators set for students (learning objectives).  The taxonomy was proposed in 1956 by Benjamin Bloom, an educational psychologist at the University of Chicago.  Bloom's Taxonomy divides educational objectives into three "domains:" Affective, Psychomotor, and Cognitive. COGNITIVE DOMAIN Skills in the cognitive domain revolve around knowledge, comprehension, and "thinking through" a particular topic.  There are six levels in the taxonomy, moving through the lowest order processes to the highest: 1)      Knowledge At this level, the learner is required to exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts and answers. 2) Comprehension The learner is required to show understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main ideas. 3) Application This level requires using new knowledge; solve problems in new situations by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way. 4) Analysis Here the learner is expected to examine and break information into parts by identifying motives, causes or inferences and find evidence to support generalizations. 5) Synthesis Here the individual learner compiles information together in a different way by combining elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions. 6) Evaluation The individual is expected to present and defend opinions by making judgments about information, validity of ideas or quality of work based on a set of criteria. PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN Skills in the psychomotor domain describe the ability to physically manipulate a tool or instrument like a hammer. Psychomotor objectives usually focus on change and/or development in behavior and/or skills. Bloom and his colleagues never created subcategories for skills in the psychomotor domain, but since then other educators have created their own psychomotor taxonomies.  AFFECTIVE DOMAIN Skills in the affective domain describe the way people react emotionally and their ability to feel another living thing's pain or joy. Affective objectives typically target the awareness and growth in attitudes, emotions, and feelings. There are five levels in the affective domain, moving through the lowest order processes to the highest: RECEIVING            At the lowest level the student passively pays attention. Without this level, no learning can occur. RESPONDING            The student actively participates in the learning process not only attends to a stimulus but also reacts in some way. VALUING            The student attaches a value to an object, phenomenon, or piece of information. ORGANIZING            The student can put together different values, information, and ideas and accommodate them within his/her own schema; comparing, relating and elaborating on what has been learned. CHARACTERIZING            The student has held a particular value or belief that now exerts influence on his/her behavior so that it becomes a characteristic. EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN ·         In Muradabad 1859 First School was established by Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan ·         MAO High School Ali Garh 1875 established by Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan ·         MAO college Ali Garh 1877 established by Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan which was inaugurated by Lord Milton. ·         This college became university in 1920 ·         Mr.Sidens was first its principal ·         All India Mohamdan Educational Conference established by Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan in 1886 ·         Scientific Society in 1866  established by Sir. Syed Ahmad Khan ·         Dar-ul-Deoband established by Molana Qasim Nanotavi in 30 May 1866 in Chahta Mosque. ·         Molna M. Mehmmod was first its teacher. ·         Following are pre independence educational reports and commissions ·         Charles Grants Treatise issued in 1792. Charles was a British Parliament member. ·         Lord Minto( Governor General of Subcontinent) Report issued in 1811 ·         Lord Macaulay Report 1835 ·         wood dispatch report 1854. Charles wood was president of board of control ·         Hunter Commission 1882. William hunter was a minister of Lord Rippen viceroy council ·         Indian Universities Comission 1902 ·         Sadler Comission 1919. Michal Sadler was VC of Leads university ·         Hartog Committee report 1929 ·         First Educational Conference of Pakistan held in Karachi from 27 Nov to 1 Dec 1947 ·         Education Minister during first educational conference was Mr. Fazlul Rehman ·         First Educational conference decided to promote Two nation theory, Urdu Language and to establish an Inter University Board ·         Gen.Ayub Khan government establish a 11 members national educational commission on 30 Dec 1958 ·         S.M Shareef was Chairmain of this commission. This commission started its work from Jan 1959. Mr.Sharif was a Secretary of education ·         Sharif Commission presented his report to President in Aug 1959 consisting of 346 pages ·         According to Sharif Commission report School educational year was consist of 40 weeks with 2 month summer, 10days winter and 14 days spring vacations ·         University Educational Year consists of 36 weeks ·         Noor Khan Report was another National Education Policy by Yahya Govt in 1970. ·         University Grants Commission was established according to this policy. ·         Zulifqar Bhutto announces a National Education Policy on 29 March 1972. ·         According to National Education Policy on 29 March 1972, all private institutions were nationalized on 1 october 1972. ·         First Peoples Open University established in Islamabad According to National Education Policy on 29 March 1972. ·         National Research Fellowship was established According to National Education Policy on 29 March 1972 ·         NSC was established According to National Education Policy on 29 March 1972. ·         Zia Ul Haq Govt issued National Education Policy 1978 ·         Islamiat,Pak Studies,Arabic were mad compulsory subjects in National Education Policy 1978. ·         National Educational Council was established in National Education Policy 1978. ·         National Centre was established for science according to National Education Policy 1978. ·         National Technical Teachers Training College established in National Education Policy 1978. EDUCATION CURRENTLY             Pakistan has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world. In 2003 only 45.7 percent of adult Pakistanis were literate. Male literacy was 59.8 percent, while female literacy was 30.6 percent. From 1976 to 2001 the number of primary schools doubled, but so did the population. High levels of population growth continue to hamper educational development in the country. The government launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing a basic education to all children.             According to the constitution, it is the state’s responsibility to provide free primary education. Five years has been established as the period of primary school attendance, but attendance is not compulsory. While the enrollment rate in primary school is high for boys, less than one-half of girls attend school. In the 1999–2000 school year 96 percent of primary school-aged children were enrolled in school, while only 39 percent of secondary school-aged children attended. In 1996, 3.5 percent of Pakistan’s college-aged population attended institutions of higher education. The wealthiest and best students seek education in British and American universities.             At the time of independence Pakistan had only one university, the University of the Punjab, founded in 1882 in Lahore. Pakistan now has more than 20 public universities. Among Pakistan’s leading public institutions of higher education are Quaid-e-Azam University (1965), in Islāmābād, the University of Karāchi (1951), the University of Peshāwar (1950), and the University of Sindh (1947), nearHyderābād.             Since 1978 the government has encouraged the privatization of education at all levels. This led to the creation of three major private universities: Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Agha Khan University Medical College (in Karāchi), and Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (in Topi, North-West Frontier Province). The National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), in Rāwalpindi, conduct research in the fields of science and technology for both the public and private sectors. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 1998-2010 ·         The constitution of 1973, article 25 gives right of education to every citizen ·         Nazira Qur'an will be introduced as a compulsory component from grade I-VIII ·         The current literacy rate of about 39% will be raised to 55% during the first five years of the policy and 70% by the year 2010 ·         About 90% of the children in the age group (5-9) will be enrolled in schools by year 2002-03 ·         Gross enrolment ratio at primary level will be increased to 105% by year 2010 and Compulsory Primary Education Act will be promulgated and enforced in a phased manner ·         One model secondary school will be set up at each district level ·         The participation rate will be increased from 31% to 48% by 2002-03 in secondary level ·         Computers shall be introduced in secondary schools in a phased manner. ·         The total expenditure of the government on education will be raised from its present level of 2.2% to 4% of GNP by the year 2002-03 ·         The District Education Authority will be established in each district ·         The Academy of Educational Planning and Management (AEPAM) shall be strengthened and tuned up to meet the emerging demands of MES and its obligations at national and provincial levels ·         A School Census Day shall be fixed for collecting data from all over the country. ·         There shall be regulatory bodies at the national and provincial levels to regulate activities and smooth functioning of privately-managed schools and institutions of higher education through proper rules and regulations. ·         School, college and university libraries shall be equipped with the latest reading materials/services. Internet connection with computer shall be given to each library. Mobile library services for semi-urban and remote rural areas shall be introduced. ·         Access to higher education shall be expanded to at least 5% of the age group 17-23 by the year 2010. ·         A new cadre of teacher educators shall be created. THE NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY (NEP) 2009 The National Education Policy (NEP) 2009 (“the Policy”) comes in a series of education policies dating back to the very inception of the country in 1947. The review process for the National Education Policy 1998-2010 was initiated in 2005 and the first document, the White Paper was finalised in March 2007. The White Paper became the basis for development of the Policy document. 1.                  Life Skills-Based Education (LSBE) shall be promoted. 2.                  Grades XI and XII shall not be part of the college level and shall be merged into the school level forming part of existing secondary schools 3.                  A system for ranking of primary and secondary educational institutions across the country shall be introduced 4.                  To create an order for excellence in the country, a “National Merit Programme” shall be introduced to award bright students 5.                  All children, boys and girls, shall be brought inside school by the year 2015. 6.                  Official age for primary education shall be 6 to 10 years. The official age group for next levels of education shall also change accordingly. 7.                  Government shall make efforts to provide the necessary financial resources to achieve the EFA goals. 8.                  Government shall establish at least one “Apna Ghar” residential school in each province to provide free high quality education facilities to poor students. 9.                  Every child, on admission in Grade I, shall be allotted a unique ID that will continue to remain with the child throughout his or her academic career. 10.              Literacy rate shall be increased up to 86% by 2015 11.              Provinces and district governments shall allocate a minimum of 3% of education budget for literacy and non formal basic education (NFBE). 12.              NEF programmes, currently in practice up to grade 5 shall be expanded up to grade 10, where required. 13.               (14 to 17 years). Special educational stipends shall be introduced to rehabilitate child labourers. 14.              A Bachelors degree, with a B.Ed., shall be the requirement for teaching at the elementary level. A Masters level for the secondary and higher secondary, with a B.Ed., shall be ensured by 2018. PTC and CT shall be finished 15.              Diploma in Education (D.Ed) may be used as an intermediate qualification till B.Ed teachers are available universally. 16.              Teacher training arrangements, accreditation and certification procedures shall be standardised and institutionalised. 17.              In service teachers training in mathematics shall be given with due attention to developing conceptual understanding, procedural knowledge, problem solving and practical reasoning skills. 18.              In service teacher training in science shall be based on real life situations, use of science kits and provision of science kits to all primary and middle schools. 19.              Teacher allocation plans, likewise, shall be based on schools needs and qualifications of teachers. Over the course of next two years, Governments shall develop a rationalised and need-based school allocation of teachers, which should be reviewed and modified annually. 20.              Provincial and Area Administrations shall develop effective accountability mechanism including EMIS data on teacher deployment, to control absenteeism and multiple job-holding, 21.              Maximum age limit shall be waived off for recruitment of female teachers. 22.              The curriculum development and review process, as well as textbooks review process, shall be standardised and institutionalised within the framework of the Federal Supervision of Curricula, Textbooks and Maintenance of Standards of Education Act, 1976. 23.              Professional Councils like Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PM&DC) and Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) shall be involved in consultations for relevant curriculum development. 24.              Environmental education shall be made an integral part of education. 25.              Matric-Tech scheme shall be re-introduced at secondary level 26.              Education system needs to be internationally competitive and Pakistan shall make efforts 27.              TVE shall be extended according to the need of the area i.e. Tehsil, District and  Division. EDUCATIONAL TERMS AKU Aga Khan University MTDF Medium Term Development Framework B. Ed.Bachelor of Education NAVTEC National Vocational & Technical Education Commission NCHD National Commission for Human Development NEAS National Education Assessment System Dip.Ed Diploma in Education NEC National Education Census DEO District Education Officer NEF National Education Foundation DPI Director of Public Instructions NEMIS National Education Management Information System ECE Early Childhood Education NEPNational Education Policy EDOExecutive District Officer NEPRNational Education Policy Review EFAEducation for All NERNet Enrolment Ratio EMIS Educational Management and Information System NFBE Non Formal Basic Education NFE Non- Formal Education FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas NQF National Qualifications Framework FMIS Financial Management Information System NWFP North West Frontier Province FTI Fast Track Initiative OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development GCI Global Competitive Index P&P Policy and Planning (Wing) GDP Gross Domestic Product PEACE Provincial Education Assessment Centre GER Gross Enrolment Ratio PEC Pakistan Examination Commission Ph. D. Doctor of Philosophy GOP Government of Pakistan PISA Programme for International Student Assessment GPI Gender Parity Index PM&DC Pakistan Medical and Dental Council HDI Human Development Index PMIS Personnel Management Information System HDR Human Development Report PPP Public Private Partnerships HEC Higher Education Commission PTA Parent Teachers Association HIV/AIDs Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome PTR Pupil-Teacher Ratio HRD Human Resource Development R&D Research and Development ICT Islamabad Capital Territory SIP School Improvement Plan ICTs Information Communication Technologies SMC School Management Committee IED Institute for Educational Development (AKU) STEPS Students, Teachers, Educationists, Parents and Society IPEMC Inter-Provincial Education Ministers' Conference TIMSS Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study LGOs Local Government Ordinances TVE Technical & Vocational Education LSBE Life Skills-Based Education MDA Mid-Decade assessment UNDP United Nations Development Program MDGs Millennium Development Goals UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UPE Universal Primary Education MOSW &SE Ministry of Social Welfare and Special Education USAID United States Agency for International Development GENERAL KNOWLEDGE/CURRENT AFFAIRES (05 MARKS) Current Federal Administration of Pakistan President= Mamnoon Hussain Prime Minister= Muhammad Nawaz Sharif Attorney General Of Pakistan= Salman Aslam Butt Accountant General Of Pakistan= Mr. Shahzada M. Taimur Khusrow Auditor General Of Pakistan= Muhammad Akhtar Buland Rana Wafaqi Mohtasib= M. Salman FARUQUI Punjab Mohtasib= Mr. Javed Mahmood Sindh Mohtasib= Asad Ashraf MALIK Baluchistan Mohtasib= Muhammad WASEY TAREEN Wafaqi Tax Mohtasib= Mr. Abdur Rauf Chaudhry Chief Election Commissioner = MR. JUSTICE NASIR-UL-MULK CHIEF JUSTICES Supreme Court= Mr. Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani Federal Shariat Court= Agha Rafiq Ahmed Khan Lahore High Court= Mr. Justice Umar Ata Bandial Sindh High Court= Mr. Justice Maqbool Baqar Peshawar High Court= Mr. Justice Mazhar Alam Baluchistan High Court= Mr. Justice Qazi Faez Isa Gilgit-Baltistan Supreme Court= Justice Rana Muhammad Arshad Khan CHIEFS OF ARMED FORCES Army Staff= General Raheel Sharif Air Staff= Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique Butt HI Naval Staff= Admiral Muhammad Asif Sandila Chairman Joint Chief Of Staff Committee= General Rashad Mahmood, DG ISI = Major Gen. Rizwan Akhtar Chairman/Deputy Chairman Senate Chairman= Nayyar Hussain Bukhari Deputy Chairman= Sabir Ali Baloch SPEAKERS AND DEPUTY SPEAKERS ASSEMBLY NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: Speaker= Sardar Ayaz Sadiq Deputy Speaker= Mr. Murtaza Javed Abbas PUNJAB ASSEMBLY: Speaker= Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan Deputy Speaker= Sardar Sher Ali Gorchani SINDH ASSEMBLY: Speaker= Agha Siraj Khan Durani Deputy Speaker= Syeda Shehla Raza KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA ASSEMBLY: Speaker= Mr. Asad Qaiser Deputy Speaker= Mr. Imtiaz Shahid BALUCHISTAN ASSEMBLY: Speaker= Mir Jan Muhammad Jamali Deputy Speaker= Mir Abdul Quddus Bizenjo GILGIT-BALTISTAN ASSEMBLY: Speaker= Mr. Wazir Baig Deputy Speaker= Mr. Jamil Ahmed, Parliamentary Leader Senate= Raja Muhammad Zafar-ul-Haq Opposition Leader Senate= Aitzaz Hussain Opposition Leader Of National Assembly= SYED KHURSHEED SHAH CHIEF SECRETARIES Punjab= Naveed Akram Cheema Sindh= Mr. Sajjad Saleem Hotiana Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa= Mr. Amjad Ali Khan Balochistan= Babar Yaqoob Fateh Muhammad Gilgit-Baltistan= Mohammad Jalal Sikandar Sultan Raja Azad Kashmir= Mr. Mohammad Shehzad Arbab CURRENTS AFFAIRS AND NEW GOVT. FORMATION 1-      Speaker National Assembly —- Sardar Ayaz Sadiq 2- Deputy Speaker National Assembly —- Murtaza Javed Abbasi 3- Speaker of Punjab Assembly —- Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan 4- Deputy Speaker of Punjab Assembly —- Sardar Sher Ali Gorchani 5- Chairman Senate —- Nayyar Hussain Bukhari 6- Deputy Chairman Senate —- Sabir Ali Baloch 7- Minister of Foreign Affairs —- Sartaj Aziz (Acting) 8- Defense Minister —- Mian Muhammad Nawaz Shareef 9- Finance Minister —- Muhammad Ishaq Dar 10- Secretary Finance —- Dr. Waqar Masood Khan 11- Interior Minister —- Ch. Nisar Ali Khan 12- Minister of Religious Affair —- Sardar Muhammad Yousuf (Federal) Pir Muhammad Amin Ul Hasnat Shah (State) 13- Secretary of Religious Affair —- Muhammad Shahid Khan (Ad. Secretary Inch.) 14- Minister of Education —- Sania Nishtar (Incumbent) 15- Minister of Science & Technology —- Zahid Hamid 16- Federal Minister of Railway —- Khawaja Saad Rafique 17- State Minister of Railway —- Abdul Hakeem Baloch 18- Chairman/Secretary of Railway —- Muhammad Asif Azim 19- Federal Minister of Water & Power —- Khawaja Muhammad Asif 20- Secretary of Water & Power —- Anwar Ahmad Khan 21- Chief Justice Lahore High Court —- Umar Ata Bandial 22- Governor of Punjab —- Makhdom Syed Ahmad Mahmud 23- Punjab Minister of Prisons —- Ch. Waheed Arain 24- Punjab Education Minister —- Mujtaba Shuja Ur Rehman 25- Punjab Minister of Law & Parliamentary Affairs —- Rana MASHOD Khan 26- Interior Minister of Punjab —- Rana Sana Ullah Khan 27- Finance Minister of Punjab —- Mian Mujtaba Shuja Ur Rehman 28- IG Prisons —- Mian Farooq Nazeer 29- IG Punjab Police —- Khan Baig 30- Additional IG Police —- Saleem Bhatti 31- Chief Minister KPK —- Pervaiz Khatak 32- Governor KPK —- Engr. Shaukat Ullah Khan 33- CM Sindh —- Syed Qaim Ali Shah 34- Governor Sindh —- Dr. Ishrat Ul Ibad 35- CM Balochistan —- Abdul Maalik Baloch 36- Governor Balochistan —- Zulfiqar Ali Magsi 37- Inflation Rate (Pakistan) —- 5.9% (June-13) 38- GDP Growth Rate —- 3.59% (2012-13) 39- State Bank Interest Rate —- 9% 40- Governor State Bank —- ASHRAF WITHRA 41- Budget Volume of Punjab —- Rs: 858 billion 42- Budget Volume of Federal —- Rs: 3.591 trillion 43- Joint Chief of Army Staff —- General RAHEEL SHAREEF 2-      44- Director General of ISI —- Lt. Gen. RIZWAN AKHTAR 45- Chief of IB —- Aftab Sultan 46- Chairman HEC —- Dr. MUKHTAR AHMAD 47- Chairman PCB —- SHEHAR YAR KHAN 48- Population (Pakistan) —- 185 million (2014) 49- Gross Domestic Product —- 230.5 billion USD (2012) 50- GDP Rate —- 3.59 % (2012-13) 51- Per Capita —- 1254 USD (2013) 52- Population Growth Rate —- 1.8% annual Change (2011) 53- Population below poverty line —- 22.3% (2012) 54- Unemployment Rate —- 5.6 % (2012) 55- Pakistan Export —- 210,491 PKR million 56- Pakistan Import —- 383,245 PKR million 57- Electricity Short Fall (August) __ 4000 MW 58- Electricity Supply —- 6600 MW 59- Electricity Demand —- 10600 MW 60- Literacy Rate —- 57% 61- Chairman NAB — Ch. Qamar  Zaman 62- DG FIA —- Mr. Saud Ahmad Mirza DISTINCTIVE NAME OF THE COUNTRIES Britain of the South                            New Zealand The Battlefield of Europe                   Belgium City of the Golden Gate                     San Francisco City of Magnificent Distances            Washington D.C. City of Popes                                      Rome City of Seven Hills                             Rome City of Skyscrapers                             New York Cockpit of Europe                              Belgium Dark Continent                                   Africa Dairy of Northern Europe                   Denmark Emerald Island                                    Ireland Empire City                                         New York Eternal City                                         Rome, Italy Forbidden City                                   Lhasa (Tibet) Garden of England                             Kent Gate of Tears                                      Babel-Mandab, Jerusalem Granite City                                        Aberdeen (Scotland) Great white way                                 Broadway (New York) Gift of Nile                                         Egypt Gibraltar of the Indian Ocean             Aden Herring Pond                                      Atlantic Ocean Hermit Kingdom                                 Korea Holy Land                                           Palestine Island of Cloves                                  Madagascar (Malagasy) The Isle of Spring                               Jamaica Key to the Mediterranean                   Gibraltar Land of Cakes (or Oat Cakes)                        Scotland Land of the Golden Fleece                 Australia Land of the Golden Pagoda               Myanmar (Burma) Land of Kangaroos                             Australia Land of Lilies                                     Canada Land of the Midnight Sun                  Norway Land of Milk and Honey                    Canaan Land of Morning Calm                       Korea Land of the Rising Sun                       Japan Land of a Thousand Lakes                 Finland Land of Thunderbolt                          Bhutan Land of White Elephants                    Thailand Lady of Snow                                     Canada Little Venice                                       Venezuela Never, Never Land                             Prairies (North Australia) Pearl of Antilles                                  Cuba Play ground of Europe                        Switzerland Pillars of Hercules                               Straits of Gibraltar Pearl of the Pacific                              Guayaquil Port (Ecuador) Power keg of Europe                          Balkans The Promised Land                             Canaan Quaker City                                        Philadelphia Queen of the Arabian Sea                   Kochi (India) Queen of the Adriatic                         Venice Rich Coast                                          Costa Rica Rich Port                                             Puerto Rico Roof of the world                               Pamir (Tibet) The Sea of Mountains             British Columbia Sorrow of China                                 River Hwang Ho The Saw Mill of Europe                      Sweden Sick Man of Europe                            Turkey Sugar Bowl of the World                   Cuba The Storehouse of the World              Mexico The Down Under                                Australia Venice of the North                            Stockholm Venice of the East                              Bangkok (Thailand), Allepey (India) Yellow River                                       Hwang Ho (China) White City                                          Belgrade Windy City                                         Chicago White Man’s Grave                             Guinea Coast (West Africa) The Spice Island of the West              Grenada City of Arabian Nights                       Baghdad Twin City                                            Budapest The Imperial City                                Rome Golden City                                        Johannesburg The Modern Babylon                          London Valley of Kings                                   Thebes ABBREATIONS SMS=Short Message Service CNG =Compressed Natural Gas DVD= Digital Video Disc VCD= Video Compact Disc GPRS, Global Position Research Service LCD= Liquid Crystal Display USB= Universal Serial Bus FM= Frequency Modulation CDI=Capacitor Discharge Ignition ABC= Alfa Bravo Charlie SIM=Subscriber Identity Module DSL=Digital Subscriber Line CIA= Central Intelligence Agency I.Q= Intelligence Question UPS= Universal Power Supply PC= Personal Computer A.M= Anti Mar radium P.M= Past Mar radium E.G= For Example I.E= That Is OK= Objection Killed WWW= World Wide Website FEDERAL MINISTERS S.No. Name Portfolio 1. Rana Tanveer Hussain Defence Production  2. Mr. Muhammad Ishaq Dar Finance, Revenue, Planning and Development, Economic Affairs and Statistics. 3. Mr. Ghulam Murtaza khan jatoi Industries and Production 4. Mr. Pervaiz Rashid Information Broadcasting and National Heritage 5. Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan Interior and Narcotics Control 6. Mr. Muhammad Barjees Tahir Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan Affairs 7. Mr. Sikandar Hayat khan Bosan National Food Security and Research 8. Pir Syed Sadaruddin Shah Rashidi Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development 9. Mr. Shahid khaqan abbasi Petroleum and Natural Resources 10. Mr. Ahsan Iqbal Planning and Development 11. Mr. Kamran Michael Ports and Shipping 12. Khawaja Saad Rafique Railways 13. Sardar Muhammad Yousaf Religious Affairs and Inter-faith Harmony 14. Mr. Zahid Hamid Science and Technology 15 Lt. General (Retd.) Abdul Qadir Baloch States and Frontier Regions 16 Khawaja Muhammad Asif Water and Power MINISTERS OF STATES S.No. Name Portfolio 1. Mr. Muhammad Baligh ur Rehman Education, Trainings and standards in Higher Education 2. Mr. Usman Ibrahim Housing and Works 3. Mrs.Anusha Rehman Ahmad khan Information Technology and Telecommunication 4. Mrs. Saira Afzal Tarar National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination 5. Sheikh Aftab Ahmed Parliamentary Affairs 6. Mr. Jam Kamal khan Petoleum and Natural Resources 7. Engr. Khurram Dastgir Khan Privatization 8. Mr. Abdul Hakeem Railways 9. Pir Muhammad Amin Ul Hasnat Shah Religious Affairs and Inter-faith Harmony  GENERAL KNOWLEDGE MCQS ABOUT WORLD IMPORTANT DAYS  World environment day is observed on 5th June. • International day of peace is observed on 3rd Tuesday of September. • World food day is observed on 16 October. • International women’s day is observed on 8th March. • World health day is observed on 7th April. • Universal children’s day is observed on 20 November. • World’s aids day is observed on 1 December. • United nation’s day is observed on 24th October. • International day of disabled person is observed on 3 December. • Human rights day is observed on 10 December. • Press day is celebrated on 3rd May. • Kashmir Solidarity Day is observed on 5 Feb. • In France the Bastille Day is celebrated on 14th July. • International Literacy day is observed on 8 Sep. • World children day is observed on 8th March. • Human rights day is observed on 10th Dec. • Day against drug trafficking is observed on 26 June. • 22 March is celebrated as the world day for water. • 11th July is known as World Population Day. • Kashmir solidarity day is celebrated all over the country Pakistan on 5th February. • World`s teacher day was observed on October 5, 2005 in Pakistan. • International Literacy Day is celebrated on September 8. • International Ozone Day is observed on September 16. • The year 1998 was observed as the International Year of Ocean. • Commonwealth Day is observed on May 24 every year. • Human Rights Day is observed on 10th December every year. • No Smoking Day is observed on April 7. • World Book Day is observed on April 23. • World Environment Day is observed on June 5. • world press freedom day is celebrated on 3rd may.  • World literacy day is celebrated on 8th September GENERAL KNOWLEDGE • World’s oldest regligionis Hinduism. • World’s largest religion is Christianity. • World’s second most populous city is Mexico city. • First to sail around the world was Ferdinand Magallan • Largest number of Palestinian refuges are in Jordan. • Kazakistan is the largest country in Central Asia. • Largest landlocked country in world is Mangolia. • Biggest oil refinery is at Abadan (Iran). • Detroit (USA) is famous for car manufacturing. • Glasgow is biggest ship building centre. • Havana is famous for cigar manufacturing. • Europe’s only Islamic state is Albania. • Newzealand is close to Int: Date Line. • In which city there is the largest stock exchange of the world? New York. • Oldest Search Engine is … Yahoo • Bird largest in size… Ostrich • Oldest parliament in the world— Althing (Iceland) • The last King of Afghanistan… Zahir Shah • First person to walk across the Antarctic continent alone was Borge Ousland. • Aqualine is the world’s longest under-sea tunnel (15.1 km long) bridge and tunnel express-way for motor vehicles across Tokyo Bay. • Arabia is the larges peninsula. • Only Hindu kingdom in World is Nepal. • Who was the first man to fly across the channel: Louis Bleriot • What is the largest state in the USA: Alaska • Which of the following countries of South-West Asia leads in the production of oil? Saudi Arabia • Which country grows the most potatoes: Russia • What language has the most words: English • What is the smallest state of Australia-Tasmania • Paris and What other capital had the worlds first telephone link-Brussels • What is the largest country in Africa -Sudan • What was the worlds first passenger jet aircraft-Comet • In what city was the worlds first blood bank opened 1940-New York – Richard Charles Drew • What county first used pepper-China • What is the oldest known science- Astronomy • What is the last element – Alphabetically-Zirconium • What is the worlds most popular first name-Mohammed • What is the fastest swimming ocean fish over 60 mph-Sailfish – Marlin • People`s republic of china has the largest army of the world. • The largest tides of the world occur in Bay of fundy (canada). • Sudan is the largest country in Africa. • Mumbai is the most populous city. • Khan Mehtarzai is the highest railway station in Asia. • Maximum quantities of diamonds are found in Africa. • The highest rainfall for one month was recorded at Indian town of Cherapoonje. 366,14 inches rain fell there during the month of july 1861. • Light is the fastest thing in the universe.It travels at a phenomenal speed of 187,000 miles per second. • The largest tides of the world occur in Bay of Fundy (canada). • Takla Makan is in China is the driest desert in Asia. • Largest earthquake fatalities occurred in Izmir, Turkey in 1999. • Breitling orbiter 3 was the first balloon to fly non-stop around the world. • King of Malaysia is the only king in the world who is elected for 5 years term. • Largest oil company belong to USA is The Ecxon Corporation. • The busiest shopping centre of London is Oxford Street • The panch Pokhri Lake situated in the Himalaya Mountains is the highest lake in the world. • Sierra Leone has the lowest GDP per capita of 510 US dollars and Luxembourg has the highest GDP per capita of 36,400 US dollars. • People`s republic of china has the largest army of the world. • The Royal Majesty ship Queen Elizabeth (UK) is the largest passenger ship in the world. It is 314 metres long and 36 metres wide. • The Cambodian language is a language which has a total number of 74 alphabets. • The Sumerian civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization of the world. • Jericho, situated in the Jorden valley is the oldest town of the world. • The maximum ever temperature of 136.4 F was recorded on september 13,1922 in the city Azizia (Libya) and The minimum temperature of -129.6 F was recorded in the town of Vostok near Antarctica on 24th august , 1960. • Worldwide most capitol cities begin with which letter- B • Who built the worlds first film studio- Thomas Alva Edison • Where is the worlds largest mine-Carletonville South Africa • What is the biggest tourist attraction in Zambia-Victoria falls • What country consumes the most coffee per capita 25 Lb-Finland • Oil is the most traded product in the world what is the second-Coffee • Which country makes the most films per year- India • What’s the worlds longest rail journey made no train change Moscow Peking • What was the first sport to be filmed -Boxing by Thomas Edison 1894 • Name the first film to have its sequel released in the same year-King Kong – Son of Kong • What cities underground has the most stations-New York • first man to set foot on all five continents- Captain Cook • Who was the pilot in the first fatal air crash-Orville Wright • Where was the worlds first oil well drilled-Pennsylvania • What country drink the most milk per capita-Iceland • What country consumes the most fish per capita-Japan SOLAR SYSTEM Saturn In 1610, Galileo became the first person to look at Saturn through telescope. • Distance from Sun 1427 million kms. • Revolution period 30 years. • Rotation period 10h, 14 mins. • It has 62 moons. • The largest moon of Saturn is the Titan and it is the second-largest moon in the solar system. Titan is larger than the planet Mercury. • It is the second largest planet. • It has a magnificent system of rings. • Its diameter is 1, 20, 000 km. Uranus When sky is very dark and very clear Uranus can be seen with the naked eyes. The planet was discovered by William Herschel in March 1787. • Its distance from Sun is 2869.9 million kms. • Revolution period is 84 years. • Rotation period is 16h, and 10 mins. • It has 27 moons. • Titania is the largest moon of Uranus. • It has an atmosphere which is dominated by hydrogen and helium. • Its diameter is 52, 400 km.  Neptune Neptune was discovered by the German astronomer Johann Galle. • Distance from Sun 4496, 6 million kms. • Revolution period 165 years (largest year) • Rotation period 18 hours. • Neptune has 13 moons that we know of. The largest moon is Triton. • It is the coldest planet. • It is the slowest to move around the sun. • Its diameter is 49,100 kms. • It is known as the twin of Uranus due to their similarity of size, mass and composition. Mars • Distance form sun 228 million kms. • Revolution period 687 days. • Rotation period 24 h, 37 min and 22 sec. • It has two moons Phobos and Deimos. • Its diameter is 6794 kms. • Mars is covered with red dust. • It has an atmosphere composed almost entirely of CO2. • Its average temperature is -53 0C. Jupiter • Its distance from sun is 778 million kms. • Revolution period 12 years. • Rotation period 9h, 50min, and 30 sec. (smallest day) • It has 63 moons. • It is the largest planet of the solar system. • It has the largest number of satellites. • Its diameter is 1, 24,800 kms. • Its diameter is eleven times greater than the earth’s diameter. • It has a dense, cloudy atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. • It has a rock-iron-ice core about 15, 000 km (9,000 miles) thick. • Jupiter radiates 67% more heat than it receives from the sun. this is mainly due to dissipation of the primordial heat of the planet. The earth is the largest and the densest of the four terrestrial planets. It is the most wonderful planet of the solar system. Following are the features of the Earth. • Its distance from the Sun is 150 million kms. • Its revolution period is 365 ¼ days. • Its rotation period is 23 hours, 56 minutes, 40 seconds. • It has one moon. • It is the densest planet. • It is also the watery and bios planet. • Its diameter is 12756 km (7927 miles equatorial and 7900 miles polar diameter) • It has atmosphere which contains 78% Nitrogen, and 21% Oxygen. • Its two-thirds surface is covered with oceans. • The earth’s surface is rich in Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium etc. WORLD POLITICAL PARTIES United States of America =  Republican Party, Democratic Party Iraq =  Bath Party Israel = Labour Party, Likud Party Hamas Party, Shas Party France Socialist Party, National Front, Union for France Democracy Australia Liberal Party, Labour Party Bangladesh = Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Awami League, Jatiya Party Nepal = Nepali Communist Party, Nepali Congress party China Communist Party of China Sri Lanka United National Party, Freedom Party South Africa African National Congress, National Party, Inkatha Freedom Party. United Kingdom = Conservative Party, Labour Party, Liberal Democratic Party. Russia = Communist Party, Liberal Democratic Party, Russias, Choice India =  India National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party,  RJD, CPI, CPM, SP, LJP, TDP Pakistan = Muslim League, Pakistan people Party PAKISTAN CURRENT AFFAIRES 2014 1. The Current Honorable PM of Pakistan is ? A.       Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain B.       Shoukat Aziz C.       Mian Nawaz Sharif D.       Yousaf Raza Gilani 2. The Current Speaker of National Assembly is ? A.       Khursheed Ahmad Shah B.       Murtaza Javed Abbasi C.       Sardar Ayaz Sadiq D.       Nawaz Sharif 3. The Current Minister of Defence, Water and Power in Pakistan is ? A.       Abid Sher Ali B.       Muhammad Barjees Tahir C.       Khawja Muhammad Asif D.       Khawja Saad Rafiq 4. Who is Current Federal Information Minister in Pakistan ? A.       Sheikh Rasheed B.       Senator Pervaiz Rashid C.       Saad Rafique D.       Ehsan Iqbal 5. The Current Speaker of KPK Assembly is ? A.       Siraj Durani B.       Ayaz Sadiq C.       Wazir Baig D.       Asad Qaiser 6. The Current Auditor General of Pakistan is ? A.       Justice Nasir-ul-Malik B.       Muhammad Asad C.       Muhammad Iqbal Khan D.       Buland Akhtar Rana 7. The Current Speaker of Punjab Assembly is ? A.       Rana Muhammad Iqbal B.       Agha Siraj Durani C.       Asad Qaiser D.       Jan Muhammad Jamali 8. The Current Interior Minister of Pakistan is ? A.       Pervaiz Rashid B.       Ch Nisar Ali Khan C.       Rehman Malik D.       Ishaq Dar 9. The Current Chairman of Election Commission of Pakistan is ? A.       Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani (Acting) B.       Ishtiaq Ahmed C.       Justice Nasir-ul-Malik (Acting) D.       Justice Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim 10. The Current Minister of Railway Pakistan is ? A.       Khawja Saad Rafiq B.       Sheikh Rashid Ahmed C.       Khawja Muhammad Asif D.       Pervez Rashid 11. The Current Chairman Senate of Pakistan is ? A.       Syed Nayyar Hussain Bukhari B.       Raja Zafar-ul-Haq C.       Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan D.       Sabir Ali Baloch 12. Who is Current UN Representative from Pakistan ? A.       Masood Khan B.       Ch. Nisar Ali Khan C.       Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif D.       Salman Aslam Butt 13. The Current Opposition Leader of Senate Pakistan is ? A.       Zafar-ul-Haq B.       Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan C.       Nayyar Hussain D.       Sabir Ali 14. The Current Finance Minister of Pakistan is ? A.       Ahsan Iqbal B.       Ishaq Dar C.       Sikandar Hayyat Bosan D.       Nisar Ali Khan 15. The Current Opposition Leader in National Assembly is ? A.       Khursheed Ahmad Shah B.       Aitzaz Ehsan C.       Murtaza Javed D.       Qaim Ali Shah 16. The Current Minister of Ports and Shipping in Pakistan is ? A.       Kamran Micheal B.       Ahsan Iqbal C.       Shahid Khaqan Abbasi D.       Pervez Rashid 17. The Current Speaker of Sindh Assembly is ? A.       Agha Siraj Durani B.       Wazir Baig C.       Jan Muhammad Jamali D.       Muhammad Iqbal 18. The Current Chairman of FBR is ? A.       Mr. Tariq Bajwa B.       Mr. Mumtaz Haider Rizvi C.       Mr.Ansar Javed D.       Mr. Ali Arshad Hakeem 19. The Current Honorable President of Pakistan is ? A.       Asif Zardari B.       Parvez Musharraf C.       Mamnoon Hussain D.       Mian Nawaz Sharif 20. Who is Current Foreign Minister of Pakistan ? A.       Mian Nawaz Sharif B.       Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri C.       Hina Rabbani Khar D.       Shah Mehmood Qureshi D. BEST OF LUCK! GRAMMAR                         Luckily, the rules of grammar are really pretty logical. After you understand the basic rules regarding the parts of speech and the elements of a sentence, you’ve got an access. Here’s what you need to know to do well on sentence correction questions. As an added bonus, this refresher can help you in the reading comprehension portion as well to figure out much more easily what the writer wants to say. THE PARTS OF SPEECH                         Sentence correction question simply consist of sentence. Sentence is made up of words, and each word in a sentence has a function. The parts of speech in the English language that are import to know for the grammar portion are verbs, nouns, pronouns , adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions. VERBS                        Every sentence has a verb, which means that a sentence isn’t complete without one. You should be familiar with three types of verbs: 1.Actions Verbs: These verbs state what the subject of the sentence to doing. Run, Jump, compile, and the learn are examples of the actions verbs. 2.To Be: The verb “ to be ” ( conjugated as  am, is, are, was, were been, and being ) functions like an equal sing. It equates the subject with a noun or adjective for the example: Ben is successful means Ben = successful. She is a CEO means She = CEO. 3.Linking Verbs: These words join the subject to an adjective that describes the condition of the subject. Like the verb “to be “verbs do. Common linking verbs are feeling, seem, appear, remain, look, taste, and smell. NOUNS You have undoubtedly heard nouns, defined as persons, places, or things. They provide the “what” of the sentence. A noun can function is a sentence in the different ways: 1. The subject plays the principal role in the sentence. It `s what the sentence is about, or who is doing the action. 2.A direct object receives the action of  an action verb. 3.An indirect object receives the direct object. Sentences with direct objects don`t need indirect object. 4.The object of a preposition receives a pre position. ( See “Joining forces : Conjunction and preposition. “ later on in the book ) 5.The object in a verbal phrase serves as the receiver of the gerund ( which is a verb from that functions as noun, like, singing ). 6.Appositives clarify or rename others nouns. 7.Predicate nouns follow the verb to be and regard the subject. So you can see how these different types of nouns function.  We  ‘ve marked their appearances in these two sentences with the number that corresponds to the list: Being a businessman ( 5 )  with great leadership potential ( 4 ),  Shakeel Ahmed ( 1 ). A LUMS graduate (6), GAVE HIS WORKERS ( 3 ) The chance  ( 2) to be successful. Shakeel was a very helpful manager ( 7 ).          The test question won`t ask you to define the various noun faction, but being familiar with them helps when we talk about the different tapes of the sentence error you may encounter.               One of the most important things for you the remember about nouns and verbs is that the subject and verb of a sentence have to agree in number. We will discuss this in details later on. PRONOUNS Pronouns figure prominently in the sentence correction portion  of the test. Pronouns rename nouns and provide a means of the avoiding the needless repetition of the names and other nouns in a sentence or paragraph. On the test pronouns errors are common. To correct these errors, you need to be familiar with the three types of the pronouns : personal, indefinite, and relative: 1.Personal Pronouns: These words rename specific nouns. They take tow forms: Subjective and objective. .  The subjective personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. Subjective personal pronouns are used when the pronoun functions as a subject or predicate nouns ( see the preceding portion for information on nouns functions ) . The objective personal pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us and them. Objective personal pronouns are properly used when they function as an object in the sentence. 2.Indefinite pronouns : These pronouns refer to general nouns rather than specific ones. Some common examples are everyone, somebody, anything, each, one, none, and no one.  It`s important to remember that most indefinite pronouns are singular, which means they required singular verbs : One of the employees, is being laid off. 3.Relative pronouns : These words, like that, which, and who, link adjective clauses to the nouns they describe. Who refers to persons; which and that refer primarily to animals and things: He is a manager who is comfortably leading. The consulting work that she does usually saves companies money, which makes her a very popular consultant. ADJECTIVES Adjectives describe and clarify nouns and pronoun. For instance: The secretive culture of the corporation created discontented employees.  Secretive defines the kind of culture and discontented describes the feeling of the employees. Without the adjectives,  the sentence is virtually meaningless: The culture of the corporation created employees. With sentence correction questions, make sure that adjectives are positioned correctly in the sentence so that each adjective modifies the word is supposed to. For instance, I brought the slides to the meeting that I created makes it seems that the author of the sentence created the meeting rather that the slides. The adjectival phrase that I created  is in the wrong place. The better composition is I brought the slides that I created to the meeting. ADVERBS    Adverbs are like adjectives because they add extra information to the sentence, but adjectives usually modify nouns and adverbs primarily define verbs. Adverbs include all words and group of words ( called adverb phrases ) that answer the questions where, when, how, and why. The `stock market gradually recovered from the 1999 crash. Gradually defines how the stock market recovered.    Some adverbs modify adjectives or other adverb: The extremely unfortunate plumber yodeled very well. You`ll recognize many adverbs by the –ly ending. But not all adverbs end in –ly. For example, in “the company`s manufacturing moved overseas” , the adverb overseas revelas where the manufacturing is located. In “ The Human Resources director resigned today”, today explains when the director resigned. Positioning adverbs correctly is important. Separating adverbs from the words they modify makes sentence imprecise. CONJUCTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS 1.Conjunctions : This part of speech joins words, phrases, and clauses. The three types of conjunctions are coordinating, correlative, and subordinating. Do`n’t  worry about memorizing these terms: just remember that the three types exit? Ø The seven coordinating conjunctions – and but, for, nor, or, so, and yet – are the ones most people think of when they consider conjunctions. Ø Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs: either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also. These conjunctions correlate two similar clauses in one sentence. Therefore, if you use either as conjunction, you have to include or. Ø Subordinating  conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and connect them to independent clauses. Although, because, if, when, and while are common examples of subordinating conjunctions. Prepositions: These words join nouns to the rest of a sentence. We would need several pages to list all the prepositions, but common examples are about, above, at, for, in over, to, and with. A preposition can`t function within a sentence unless the phrases. These phrases consist of a preposition and noun, which is call the object of preposition: The woman in the suit went to the office to sit down. The prepositional: The woman in the suit went to the office to sit down. The preposition is relates its object, suit, to another noun, woman, so in the suit is a prepositional phrase that works as an adjective to describe woman; to the office is an adverbial prepositional phrase that describes where the woman went. Note that the word to in the sit – the phrase doesn`t have an object , so you don`t have a prepositional phrase. Prepositions often play a part in sentence correction questions. The test may provide you with a sentence that contains an improper preposition construction. Here     `s a  simple example: He watched the flood while sitting in the roof. The correct preposition is on, not in. THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE The parts of speech work together to form sentences. And the trust of the sentence`s information is conveyed by the three main element: the subject, the verb,  and the element that links the verb to the subject. To locate the main idea of a sentence, you focus on these three element. Other information within the sentence is secondary. Subject, Verb, and third element            The subject is the main character of the sentence;  it`s the nouns that carries out the action of the sentence or whose condition the sentence describes. The verb describes the action or links the subject and predicate. Depending on the verb used, the third important part of the sentence could be direct  object an adverb, an adjective, or a predicate noun. The third element for a sentence with a transitive verb ( an action verb that must be followed by a direct object ) is always a direct object. Intransitive verbs ( actions verbs that can`t be followed by direct objects ) may be completed by adverbs. You can follow the verb to be with either an adjective or a predicate noun. Recognizing the three main elements of the sentence helps you spot errors in the sentence correction questions. Phrases and Clauses:                 In addition to the main elements, a sentence may contain single words, phrases, or clauses that convey more information about the sentence`s main message. Phrases and clauses are groups of worlds that work together to form a single part of speech, like an adverb or adjective. The difference between phrases and clauses is that clauses contain their own subjects and verbs, and phrases don`t. A good understanding of the both clauses and phrases can help you greatly on the grammar portion of the test. Phrases             The thing you should know about phrases is that they`re groups of worlds what function together as a part of speech. Many of the grammar problems. .    Independent Clauses:  These clauses complete thoughts and could stand as sentences by themselves. Here`s an example of a sentence that contains two independent clauses: The firm will go public .  Investors will rush to buy stock. Punctuate two independent clauses in a sentence by joining them either with a semi-colon or with a comma and coordination conjunction. .         Dependent Clauses : These express incomplete thoughts and are therefore sentence fragments if left by themselves. Even though they contain a subject and a verb they cannot stand alone as sentences without other information. For instance, in the sentence after the two companies merge, they`ll need only one board of directors, the dependent clause in the sentence is after the two companies merge. The clause has a subject, companies, and a verb, merge, but it still leaves the reader needing more information; thus, the clause is dependent. To form a complete sentence, a dependent clause must accompany an independent clause. Punctuate a beginning dependent clause by placing a comma between it and the independent clause that comes after it. If the dependent clause follows the independent clause, you don`t need by any punctuation: They`ll need only one board of directors after the two companies merge. COMMON SENTENCE CORRECTION ERRORS             Sentence correction question test your ability to edit written material so that it follows the rules of standard written English. The questions provide you with sentences that contain incorrect sentences. From the five answers, you have to choose the answer that conveys the meaning of the sentence in away that conforms to the dictates of standard written English.               The first answer is always the same as the original sentence. So if you think that the sentence is fine as it is, you should select the first answer. The others four choices present alternative ways of expressing the idea in that sentence. Your task is to determine whether the sentence contains an error and, if so, which of the four alternatives best corrects the error.                 You correct errors in sentence correction questions by applying the basic rules of English grammar. The good news is that you won`t be asked to define words, spell words, or diagram any sentences! And no question expects you to correct specific punctuation errors; though knowing the rules for placing commas helps you eliminate answers in some cases. Errors in subject-verb and pronouns agreement.         One of the most fundamental skills in writing is the ability to make elements of a sentence agree. If your noun is singular and your verb, plural, you`ve got a problem! Even in less formal kinds of communication, like quick e-mails, errors in subject-verb or noun-pronoun agreement can obscure the message you hope to communicate. You can be sure that sentence correction problems will contain some agreement errors. Subject-verb agreement              When we say the subjects and verbs agree, we don`t mean they`re having a meeting of minds. We mean that plural subject`s pair with plural verbs and singular subjects require singular verbs. Errors in simple constructions are easy to spot. It just doesn`t sound right to say. He attend classes at the university of Michigan. When the subject isn`t simple or obvious, finding it gets a little more difficult. For example, take a look at this sentence: His fixation with commodities markets have grown into several prosperous ventures, including a consulting business. The  subject is fixation, but the prepositional phrase with commodities markets may confuse you into thinking that markets is the subject. Markets is a plural noun, so it would take a plural verb if it were the subject. But you know that markets can`t be the subject of the sentence because markets is part of a prepositional phrase. It`s the object of the preposition with, and a noun can`t be an object and a subject at the same time. The subject has to be fixation, so the verb has, rather than have, is proper.                   Focus on the three main elements of a complex sentence of a complex sentence by mentally eliminating words and phrases that aren`t essential to the sentence`s point. Then you can check the prepositional phrase with commodities markets from the sample sentence. We have just last discusses, you get. His fixation have grow, which reveals obvious disagreement between the subject and verb. Pronoun Agreement          Another relationship  you need to keep traqck is to the one between nous and the pronouns that refer to them. A pronoun must agree in number with the noun ( or other pronoun ) it refers to. Plural nouns take plural pronouns, and singular nouns take singular pronoun. For example, this sentence has improper noun-pronoun agreement: You can determine the ripeness of citrus by handling them and nothing their colony. Citrus is a singular noun, so using plural pronouns to refer to it is incorrect. It would be correct to say you can determine the ripeness of citrus by handling it and noting its color.                  Another problem with pronouns is unclear references. To know whether a pronoun agrees with its subject, you have to be clear about just what the pronoun refers to. For example, it`s not clear which noun the pronoun is this sentence refers to:  Bobby and Tom went to the store, and he purchased a candy bar. Because the subject of the first clause is plural, the pronouns he could refer to either Bobby or Tom or even to a third person. To improve clarity in this case, using the name of the person who bought the candy bar rather than a pronoun is a good idea.                If a sentence correction question contains a pronoun, make sure the pronoun clearly refers to a particular noun in the sentence and that it matches that noun in number. Otherwise, you need To find an answer that clarifies the reference or corrects the number. FAULTY CONSTRUCTION                  Errors in construction threaten the stability, readability, and even the existence of a sentence! You have, no doubt, often been told to avoid incomplete and run-on sentences. It`s equally important to avoid sentences that confuse your reader. Some sentences may not have grammatical error, but they can be so rhetorically poor as to obscure that point. Both grammatical and rhetorical constructions rely on  correct punctuation, ordering of clauses, and parallelism. Major errors often require only minor adjustments. We start with the errors that threaten the existence of a sentence. Errors in Grammatical Construction     The most commonly tested errors in grammatical construction are sentence fragment, run-on sentences, and sentences that lack parallel structure. After you get used to them, these errors are pretty easy to spot ( technically, a verbal ). 1.      SENTENCE FRAGMENTS                    Sentence fragments on the test usually show up as dependent clauses pretending to convey complete thoughts or as a bunch of words with something that looks like a verb but doesn`t act like one. Ø Dependent clauses standing alone are fragments because they don`t present complete thoughts. For example, this clause comes complete with a subject and verb: Although many companies have failed to maintain consistent profits with downsizing. However, it begins with a subordinating conjunction, although, so it leaves you hanging without additional information. ØPhrases with verbal instead of a verb can appear to be complete if you don`t read them carefully. The verbal phrases in this sentence look like verbs but don`t function as verbs: the peacefulness of a morning warmed by the summer sun and the verdant pastures humming with the sound of busy  bees. Warmed and humming can be verbs in other instances, but in this sentence, they’re part of the phrases that provide description but don’t tell what the subjects (peacefulness and pastures) are like or what they’re doing. You get the hang of recognizing fragments with practice. If you read the sentence under your breath, you should be able to tell whether it expresses a complete thought. Correcting fragments is usually pretty simple. You just add the information that completes the thought or change the verbal phrase to an  actual verb. For instance, you could make although many companies have failed to maintain consistent profits with downsizing into a complete sentence by adding a comma and some still try. To complete the peacefulness of a morning warmed by the summer sun and the verdant pastures humming with the sound of busy bees, you could change the verbal phrases: The peacefulness of a morning is warmed by the summer sun, and the verdant pastures hum with the sound of busy bees. 2 RUN-ON SENTENCES ·   Run-on sentences occur when a sentence with multiple independent clauses is improperly punctuated. Here’s an example: I had a job interview that morning so I wore my best suit. Both I had a job interview and I wore my best suit are independent clauses. Here are the two rules for punctuating multiple independent clauses in a sentence : ·   Independent clauses may be joined with a comma and coordinating conjunction. You could correct the problem by adding a comma, Like this : I had a job interview that morning, So I wore my best suit. Independent clauses may be joined by a semicolon. The sentence could look like this: I had a job interview that morning; I wore my best suit. Of course, you could change one of the independent clauses to dependent clauses like this: Because I had a job interview that morning, I wore my best suit. If you do that, remember to separate the clauses with a comma if the dependent clause precedes the independent one.  The test probably won’t give you a run-on sentence tot correct, but it may give you an answer that looks pretty good expect that it makes the original sentence a run-on. Make sure the answer you choose doesn`t create a run-on sentence. 3 VERB TENSE ISSUES                  In addition to checking for subject-verb agreement, make sure that the verbs in the sentence correction question are in the proper tense. The other verbs in the sentence give you clues to what tense the verbs should be in. 4 LACK OF PARALLELISM                 You can count on several sentence correction questions that test your ability to recognize a lack of parallel structure. The basic rule of parallel structure is that all phrase joined by conjunctions should be constructed in the same manner. For example this sentence has problem with parallelism: Ann spent the morning e – mailing clients, responding to voice mails, and wrote an article for the newsletter. The problem with the sentence is that the three phrases joined by the coordinating conjunction ( and ) in this sentence are constructed in different ways. E-mailing and responding both take the gerund ( or – ing ) from, but wrote doesn`t follow suit. Changing wrote to its gerund form solves the problem:  Ann spent the moring e-mailing clients, responding to voice mails, and writing as article for the newsletter. Parallel structure is also a factor when you join verbal phrases with a form of the verb to be. Because the verb to be means equals, the two equal parts must be constructed equally. The following sentence lacks parallel structure: To be physically healthy is an important as being prosperous in the your work. The sentence compares a phrase in the infinitive from, to be physically healthy, with a phrase in the gerund from, being prosperous in your work. Changing one of the constructions to match the other does the trick: Being physically healthy is as important as being prosperous in your work.                  When you see sentence correction question, check for lack of parallelism. Look for phrases joined by coordinating conjunctions. If the phrases or sentence parts exhibit dissimilar construction, you have to correct the parallelism error. THE APPROCH TO SENTENCE CORRECTION QUESTIONS                     The key to performing well on sentence correction questions is to approach them systematically: 1. Determine the nature of the original sentence`s error ( if  there is one ).           If a sentence has more than one error, focus on one error at a time. If you can, come up with a quick idea of how a to fix the error to give yourself an idea of what you`re looking. Spotting the Error                 When you read the sentence correction question, pay particular attention to the following: .  If the sentence contains verbs, make sure they agree with their subject and are in the proper tense. .  Check any pronouns to determine whether they agree in number with the nouns they refer to. . Look at lists to confirm their construction is parallel. .  Note any tricky idiomatic phrases to verify that they`re use correctly. . Look for repetitive and otherwise wordy language.               If you don`t see my obvious error, read through the answer just to make sure they don`t reveal something you may have missed. If you still don’t see a problem, do not panic, about 20 percent of the sentence correction question contain no errors. 2.Skim through the answers and eliminate any choices that don`t correct the error.                        If you spot an error in sentence, read through the answers and eliminate those that don`t correct it. If you see more than one error in the sentence, begin with the error that has the more obvious correction. For example, if there`s both a rhetorical error in subject-verb agreement, being with the error in subject-verb agreement. Eliminating answers that don`t address the agreement is quick and easy. After you`ve eliminated the choices that don`t fix the obvious err, move on to the error or error. Comparing rhetorical constructions is answer can take a while so eliminating before this step saves you time. After you`ve eliminated an answer, don`t re-read it! 3.Eliminate answers that correct the original error but add a new error or errors.              The next step is to eliminate answers that create new errors.                 A new error in an answer usually isn`t the same type of error as the error in the original sentence. The test makers know you`ll look for pronoun errors if there`s a pronoun error in the original sentence, so the new error in an answer my be an improper expression or a verb tense error.             After doing this, you should end up with only one answer that correction the existing errors without creating new ones. If you end up with two seemingly correct answer, read them both within the context of the original sentence. One will have an error that you`ve overlooked. 4.Re-read the sentence that you have chosen as an answer and make sure that it makes sense.              Don`t skip this step! Check you answer by reading the new sentence in its entirety. Don`t just check to see whether the answer sounds good; also check for error that you may not have noticed as you worked through the question.             Missing errors is easy when you focus on any particular error and then try to find that error in the sentence. Example Question :                 When you being a new exercise routine, they can expect to feel better as well as lose weight. Answer. When you being a new exercise routine, you can expect to feel better as well as lose weight.                  The pronoun “you” must be continued to refer to the same person. We cannot shift from “you” to “they”. SENTENCE COMPLETION The sentence completion questions are meant to gauge your level of expertise in utilizing vocabulary in manner appropriate to the sentence structure. You need to know more than the dictionary definitions of the words involved. You need to know how the words fit together to make logical and stylistic sense. Sentence completion questions help you prepare for the reading comprehension questions as well. If you have the ability to figure out how one portion of the sentence impact the other, you should do well at choosing the answer that provides a clear, logical statement of fact. The ability to  recognize irony and humor will also stand you in good stead, as will the ability to recognize figurative language and the to distinguish between formal and informal levels of speech. Because the sentence completion question contain many clues that help you to answer them correctly ( far more clues than the antonyms provide, for example ), and because analyzing them helps you warm up for the reading comprehension passages later on in the test, answer them before the passages. What makes the hard questions hard? 1: Vocabulary Level        Sentences contain words like harangue, germane, abstruse. Answers include words like jejune, bombastic, and  esoteric. Questions employ unfamiliar secondary meanings of words – brook as a verb, economy with the meaning of restraint. 02. Grammatical Complexity.    Sentences utilize a wide variety of grammatical possibilities in a complex manner. The more complex the sentence, the more difficult it is for you to spot the key words that can unlock its meaning. 03: Tone.              Sentences reflect the writer`s attitude toward the subject matter. It is simple to comprehend material that is presented normally. It is for more difficult to comprehend material that is ironic, condescending, playful, some, or otherwise complex intone. 04: Style .              In a sentence that story may be presented in various different ways – ornately or sparely, poetically or prosaically, formally or informally, journalistically or academically, originally or imitatively. An author`s style depends on such details as word chose, imagery, repetition, rhythm, sentence structure and length. Many of the difficult questions hinge on questions of style. Connections and Signals                Most often, some signal words or clues connect the parts of the sentence. These signal words are called “indicators”. Let us discuss some high frequency connections and indicators used in the sentence completion sections of the test. Cause and Effect      In this type of the sentence, one part of the sentence describes something that causes something in the other part of the sentence. Asim always wins the badminton match because he works __________ to prepare for the match. A.                                           Lazily B.                                           Hard C.                                           Continually D.                                           Spontaneously ( B ) The first part of the sentence describes something – always wins the match that is caused or influenced by what`s described in the second part. Think over it. What causes him to win the match ? Only the word “hard”  is the correct word choice.       The two parts of the sentence are connected by the word “because” that indicates the cause and effect comparison of the sentence. Indicators for the Cause and Effect: Because So that Accordingly Consequently Therefore So causes Thus Hence In order to Contrast             In this type of sentence, one part of the sentence expresses an idea that is opposite to the idea in another part of the sentence. Hamed pretends to be a philanthropist but he is always  ___________ any charity event. A.                                           A supporter of B.                                           An obstacle for C.                                           Swift to do D.                                           A promoter of (B ) Here, in this example, the signal word “but” indicates a contrast in the second part of the sentence. As apparently kind – hearted person should be against any social work in the second part of the sentence; hence, the right choice is “obstacle for” the charity event. Indicators for Contrast: But On the other hand Despite In spite While Instead of Though On the contrary Although Still Yet None the less However Unlike Similarity            This type of sentence, one part of the sentence expresses an idea, and the other part gives the explanation, elaboration or an example of the that idea.  Chicago city mayor promised that he would consider all suggestions from the city residents and that he is wailing, not only to discuss his proposal, but also to  ___________ it. A.                                           Change B.                                           Vanish C.                                           Accept D.                                           Disapprove ( A ) The structural construction of the sentence “not only ….. but also” indicates that the same idea should be in the “but also” part. Indicators for Similarity:              In this type of sentence, one part of the sentence rephrases or repeats what is expressed in the other part of the sentence. Just as people of Multan are doing their best to eradicate the social evils like dowry, so the people of Lahore are making efforts ________ the penetration of pagan rituals in their social norms. A.                                             To absorb B.                                             To accept C.                                             Normalize D.                                             To stop ( D ) The composition of “just as …. As” lead towards restatement of the idea that whatever the people of Multan are doing, the people of Lahore are doing the same thing. This is the restatement of the idea. Indicators for Restatement That is In short Just as … as In fact ENGLISH VOCABULARY Important English Vocabulary List with definition/meaning Aberration Unusual and unacceptable, oddness, deviation from standard, irregularity. For example, He was not normal at that time. His act was aberrational. Abstruse Hidden, difficult to understand, deep Accumulation Gather, collect Acrimonious Angry and bitter feelings / words  Affection Love Affront To insult Aggravate To make worse Alleviate To make sth less severe. Synonym: Ease Ameliorate Improve Amenable Agreeable Anomaly Irregularity. For example, A man ordered 5kg rice, but the shopkeeper sent 4kg. So, there is anomaly in supply. Apart Away, separate, distant Archipelago A group of islands. Few islands make archipelago. Argumentative A person who argues, Not willing to obey sth Arrogant Behaving in a proudy way, that is unpleasant for others, Considering oneself superior than others Auspicious Favourable, Likely to be successful, Promising Bigamy Another marriage after already married Baleful Harmful and damaging Beget To make sth happen, cause to exist Bevy Large group Brook Tolerate Cacophony A mixture of unpleasant sounds, noice Cajole Deceive. Synonym: Coax Candid Honest, saying as it is. (2) A candid photo is one that is taken without knowledge of the person Capricious Shaky, uncertain Carnivorous Any animal that eats meat Cautious Careful in what you say or do Chary Not taking risks, cautious. Synonym: Wary Chide To criticize or blame sb because they have done sth wrong Coax Deceive. Synonym: Cajole Congnizant Aware Compliant (1) Willing or ready to obey. Synonym: Submissive. (2) Agreement Concealed Hidden, difficult to understand, deep Confront To face Conjoin Join together Consensus Agreement Console to give comfort or sympathy to somebody who is unhappy or disappointed Consul A government official who is the representative of his/her country in a foreign city Contraction becoming smaller Council Ruling body, committee Counsel (1). advice (2). Lawer on behalf of somebody Crestfallen Sad and disappointed Curtail To limit something OR to shorten something Deleterious harmful and damaging Demise Death Deteriorate To become worse. Antonym: Improve Detraction Making something less good/enjoyable/important Disavow Deny Distraction Disturbance Doctrine Established belief Doting Liking/Loving sth very much Eclected Drawn from many sources, wisely chosen Elated Very happy and excited Eminent Famous Enamoured Liking something a lot Enigma A person, place or thing that is mysterious and difficult to understand. Mystery, Riddle Entail To involve something that cannot be avoided Erudite Deeply learned, Scholarly learned Euphony Pleasant sounds Evanescent Disapperaing quickly, short lived, fleeting Evasive Wordy, Not up to the point, using too much words than necessary Exigent Urgent Fallow Not used Feckless Careless Feeble Weak, Inefficient Fleeting Disappearing quickly, short lived Foe Enemy Fond Liking/Loving sb/sth Frightened Afraid, feeling of fear Gloomy Sad and without hope, No hope of success or happiness in future Herbivorous Any animal that eats only plants Hone (1) To sharp, sharpen. (2) To develop and improve sth Imminent About to happen Impartial Neutral Impecunious Poor, penny less Indifferent not interested OR no concern Integrity (1) Honesty (2) Whole, Not devided Intrinsic Inherent, belonging to sb/sth Later At a time in future. Antonym: Earlier Levy Government taxes Melancholy A deep feeling of sadness, very sad Mercy A kind and forgiving attitude Minatory Threatening Morose Extremely sad, depressed. Synonym: Gloomy Mulish Not changing opinion/attitude, stick to his own opinion Mystery A person, place or thing that is mysterious and difficult to understand. Enigma, Riddle Naive (1) Inexperienced, Lacking knowledge. (2) Innocent and simple Narrate Tell Neophyte Beginner Nepotism Favoritism Obsequious (disapproving) Trying too hard to please somebody Obstinate Not changing opinion/attitude, stick to his own opinion, Stubborn Offensive rude and annoying Pragmatic Practical Precede Before, happen before of sth Probity Honesty Ratify to make an agreement officially valid by voting for or singning it Ravenous Starving, extremely hungry Skeptical Unbelievable Static Not moving Strut Walk proudly Stubborn Not changing opinion/attitude, stick to his own opinion Stuffed Full Sunninct Concise Pagoda Temple Partisan Showing support to a person/group/idea, not nuetral, biased Pillory To criticize sb strongly in public Touchstone Criteria Tractable Easy to deal/control, Easily handled Tranquil Quite and peaceful Transient Disappearing quickly, short lived, fleeting Trepidation Fear Urbane Wise Vacous Stupid Vindictive Trying to harm sb Volatile Changing easily/suddenly Vouch To say that somebody will behave well, and you are responsible for his actions Vow a formal and serious promise Wary Not taking risks, cautious. Synonym: Chary TEST SAMPLE PAPER (ENGLISH SECTION) SYNONYMS (Circle its meaning) 1.      ANOMALY A.    Normal B.     Straight C.     Irregularity D.    Integrity E.     None of these 2.      ABSTRUSE A.    Showy B.     Evident C.     To prove something D.    Skillful E.     Concealed 3.      VACOUS A.    Stupid B.     Truthfulness C.     Ravenous D.    Dreamer E.     Confused 4.      PRAGMATIC A.    Practical B.     Magnetic C.     Liar D.    Arrogant E.     Uncertain 5.      PROBITY A.    Probability B.     Honesty C.     Peaceful D.    Carelessness E.     Extraordinary ANTONYMS 6.      FOE A.    Friend B.     Enemy C.     Foul D.    Fail E.     Fraud 7.      CONSENSUS A.    Agreement B.     Disagreement C.     Quality D.    Special case E.     Bold 8.      FECKLESS A.    Weak B.     Careful C.     Careless D.    Unlucky E.     None of these 9.      MELANCHOLY A.    Sorrowful B.     Happy C.     Confused D.    Convicted E.     None of these 10.  EMINENT A.    Famous B.     Sad C.     Imminent D.    Happy E.     Unknown Complete the following sentences with suitable answer (Click on a word to know its meaning) 11.  I can __________ for his honesty and ability to work hard. A.    bet B.     promise C.     vouch D.    vow 12.  Job in this department __________ a lot of hard work. A.    mean B.     means C.     entails D.    curtail 13.  We cannot predict whether he will go on a picnic or not. He is so __________ . A.    deletirious B.     offensive C.     feckless D.    capricious 14.  We cannot say anything about law and order situation in this city, because the city is highly __________ . A.    unpredictable B.     volatile C.     dangerous D.    baleful 15.  He is __________ fame and money. He pursue research just as an amateur scientist. A.    indifferent to B.     enamoured of C.     running for D.    struggling for 16.  I am afraid __________ cats. A.    to B.     from C.     of D.    with E.     by 17.  We did not have __________ questions for the lecturer. A.    none B.     any C.     some D.    no E.     more 18.  Octopuses have not only large brains __________ also a well-developed nervous system. A.    but B.     and C.     are D.    and have E.     or 19.  Anas, Umar and I __________ going. A.    am B.     was C.     are D.    have beeen E.     had been 20.  If I __________ time, I would have purchased it yesterday. A.    had had B.     would had C.     would have D.    had have E.     have had MUHAMMAD SUFDAR SAHIR M.SC GOLD MEDALIST M.PHIL STATISTICS 03007727047 VEHARI ACADEMY OF SERVICES (VASS) FAISAL TOWN VEHARI