VEHARI SERVICES ACADEMY

RESEARCH CENTER (VSARC)

VEHARI

03346908699

MUHAMMAD SUFDAR SAHIR

M.SC GOLD MEDALIST

M.PHIL STATISTICS

03007727047

INFORMATION ABOUT HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

The largest gland of the body: Liver
The largest organ of the body: Skin
The longest bone of the body: Femur
The total number of bones in the body: 206
The hardest bone of the body: Tooth
The smallest bone of the body: Stapes
Total number of muscles in the body: 600
The filter of the body: Kidney
The pump of the Body: Heart
Total number of bones in vertebral column: 33
The normal body temperature: 98.4 F (37 C)
The normal respiratory rate of the Body: 16-18 per min
The total volume of blood in body: 4-5 litres
Total number of bones in face: 14
Vascular connection between foetus and uterus: Placenta

SCIENCE SOLVED MCQS

1. Who proposed the concept “All motion is relative”?
a. Albert Einstein

2. The field of specialization of famous Muslim scientist Abu Usman Aljahiz was:
b. Zoology

3. Albatros is:
a. A sea bird

4. The sunlight can reach a depth of …….. meters in the ocean:
d. None (200 meters)

5. The biggest planet in our solar system is:
c. Jupiter

6. The biggest species of the cat family is:
a. Tiger

7. Which group of animals has heterogametic females?
a. Domestic fowl

8. The dominant phase of life cycle in these organism is haploid:
a. Mosses

9. The atmosphere of moon consists of:
d. None

10. The chemical name of quartz is:
a. Silicon Dioxide

11. Which month of calendar year can lack a new moon?
b. February

12. Deuterium differs from Hydrogen in having:
c. Same atomic number and different atomic weight

13. One of the following is a water soluble vitamin:
d. None (Vitamin C and Vitamin B Complex)

14. Coulomb is the scientific unit to measure:
(Charge)

15. Equator passes through one of these countries:
d. None (The equator passes through 13 countries: Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia and Kiribati.)

16. Anti Diuretic hormone is secreted by one of the following glands:
a. Pituitary (posterior pituitary)

17. Basha Dam is to be constructed on:
d. None (River Indus)

18. UV light falls in the category of:
b. Non Ionizing Radiation

19. The earth’s ………………. is divided into 15 major plates of various sizes:
c. Lithosphere

20. One of these scientists formulated basic laws of Geometry:
b. Archimedes

21. Phosphorus is an essential component of one of the following biological molecules:
b. Nucleic acids

22. He was the first scientist to prove that planets move around the sun:
c. John Kepler

23. Atom is made up of ……….. different kinds of subatomic particles:
a. Three (electron, neutron, and proton)

24. Uranium is best used as nuclear fuel in one of the following forms:
a. U 235

25. The alpha particles are compact clusters of:
b. Two Protons and two Neutrons

26. The Beta particles are fast moving
b. Electrons

27. One of the following countries produces maximum energy from atomic reactors:
a. France

28. The unit to measure the quantity of Ozone in atmosphere is
a. Dobson

29. The severity of 2005 earthquake in Pakistan on Richter scale was
b. 7.6

30. Geiger-Muller counter is used to detect:
c. Photons

31. Vacuum tubes have been replaced by:
c. Transistors

32. Dacron is
a. Polyethylene

33. It is a secondary plant nutrient:
c. Sulphur

34. An area of microbiology that is concerned with the occurence of disease in human population is
c. Epidemiology

35. The number of electrons of a neutral atom is automatically known if one knows the:
a. Atomic number

36. Which of the following is not an enzyme?
b. Secretin

37. It is impossible for a type of O+ baby to have a type of ………….. mother:
a. AB- (With a Child’s blood type of O the parents will be a combination of O and O / A and A / A and B / B and B.)

38. Serum if blood plasma minus its:
b. Clotting proteins

39. The autonomic nervous system innervates all of these except:
b. Skeletal muscles (The autonomic nervous system is a system of motor neurons that innervate smooth muscle,cardiac muscle and glands)

40. The damage to the ………….. nerve could result in the defect of the eye movement:
d. none (cranial nerve)

41. Which of these is not a region of the spinal cord?
b. Pelvic (The spinal cord is divided into four different regions: the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions)

42. The shape of the external ear is due to:
a. Elastic cartilage

43. The external surface of the stomach is covered by
b. Serosa

44. Which of the following is not a human organ system?
c. Epithelial

45. Which of the following does not vary predictably with the depth of the aquatic environment?
a. Salinity

46. The quantity of available nutrients ………….from the lower levels of
b. decreases

47. Which of the following is not a major sub division of the biosphere?
b. Stratosphere

48. Vaccination is synonymous with ………….. immunity.
c. Artificial active

49. When a patient’s immune system becomes reactive to a drug, this is an example of:
c. Allergy

50. What is the smallest unit of heredity?
b. Gene

IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC UNITS

1. Force: Newton/ Dyne

2. Temperature: Kelvin/ Celsius/ Degree

3. Current: Ampere

4. Heat: Joule/ Calorie/ BTU

5. Pressure: Pascal/Torr

6. Radioactivity: Becquerel/Curie/Rutherford

7. Atomic energy: Rydberg/Joule

8. Voltage: Volt

9. Electric Potential Difference: Volt

10. Electric Charge: Coulomb

11. Power: Watt

12. Resistance: Ohm

13. Conductivity: Mho

14. Energy: Joule/ Erg

15. Distance Between Stars And Planets: Light Year

16. Wavelength: Angstrom

17. Volume: Acre-Foot/Litre

18. Frequency: Hertz

19. Rate of flow of water: Cusec

20. Length: Meter/Fermi/Parsec

21. Optical Power Of A Lens or A Curved Mirror: Dioptre

22. Plane Angle: Radian

23. Luminous Intensity: Candela

24. Amount of Substance: Mole

25. Rate Of Decay Of Radioactive Material: Rutherford

26. Sedimentation Rate: SVEDBERG Unit

27. Induction: Henry

28. Magnetic flux: Maxwell/ Weber

29. Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetic Inductivity: Telsa/Gauss

30. Electric Conductance: Siemens

31. Angle: Degree

32. Solid Angle: Steradian

33. Torque: Foot-Pound

34. Mass: Slug

35. Volume of Water Reservoirs: Acre-foot

36. Mechanical work/Energy: Erg

37. Magneto Motive Force: Gilbert

38. Newton: Force

39. Dyne: Force

40. Kelvin: Temperature

41. Celsius: Temperature

42. Degree: Temperature

43. Ampere: Current

44. Joule: Heat/Atomic Energy/Energy

45. Calorie: Heat

46. BTU: Heat

47. Pascal: Pressure

48. Torr: Pressure

49. Becquerel: Radioactivity

50. Curie: Radioactivity

51. Rutherford: Rate Of Decay Of Radioactive Material/Radioactivity

52. Rydberg: Atomic Energy

53. Volt: Voltage/Electron Potential Difference

54. Coulomb: Electric Charge

55. Watt: Power

56. Ohm: Resistance

57. Mho: Conductivity

58. Erg: Energy

59. Light Year: Distance Between Stars

60. Angstrom: Wavelength

61. Litre: Volume

62. Acre Foot: Volume

63. Hertz: Frequency

64. Cusec: Rate Of Flow Of Water

65. Meter: Length

66. Fermi: Length

67. Parsec: Length

68. Dioptre: Optical Power Of Lens

69. Radian: Plane Angle

70. Candela: Luminous Intensity

71. SVEDBERG: Sedimentation Rate

72. Henry: inductance

73. Maxwell: Magnetic Flux

74. Weber: Magnetic Flux

75. Tesla: Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetic Inductivity

76. Gauss: Magnetic Flux Density/Magnetic Inductivity

77. Siemens: Electric Conductance

78. Degree: Angle

79. Steradian: Solid Angle

80. Foot Pound: torque

81. Slug: Mass

82. Erg: Mechanical Work/Energy

83. Gilbert: Magneto Motive Force

IMPORTANT MCQS OF EVERYDAY SCIENCE

Most expensive element is Platinium.
Chemical name of vitamin C is Ascorbic acid.
Hydrogen is 14 times lighter than air.
Bones in human body are 206.
Cosmology is the study of universe.
Unit of Force is newton,dyne etc.
Universe has been created 13.5 billion years ago.
The planet nearest to sun is Mercury
Copper is the best conductor of electricity.
SI system was introduced in 1960.
Blood cells are manufactured by bone marrow of the body.
The Kelvin scale of temperature is called the absolute scale.
The science of study of old age is called Gerontology.
The instrument used for measuring the velocity is called Anemometer.
The science which deals with the bird is called Ornithology.
In a normal resting man, the rate of heart beat is 72 per minute.
The brightest planet is Venus.
Ibn Baitar was a renowned Muslim Botanist.
Solar eclipse occurs in full moon.
Standard pressure is 760 mm-Hg.
Kitab-al-Manazar is publication by a famous Muslim Scientist about Optics.
Cytology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of structure and function of cells.
A branch of medicine studying blood and its disorders is called Haematology.
A biological study of external form and structure of living organisms or their parts is Morphology.
A study of the chemical composition of the earth‘s crust is called Geology.
Frequency of audible sound is 20-20,000 Hz.
Deficiency of vitamin B causes Beriberi.
The chemical generally used in refrigerator is Freon
The outer most layer of the earth is called Crust.
The memory of the computer is expressed in bytes.
AIDS is caused by Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV).

Richter scale measures the severity of Earthquake.
Cod liver oil contains Vitamin D.
Blue colour has shortest wavelength.
Light travels fattest in Vacuum.
Rickets is caused by the deficiency of vitamin D.
Generators convert mechanical energy into electricity.

SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF VARIOUS FIELDS

acarology– study of mites
accidence– grammar book; science of inflections in grammar
aceology– therapeutics
acology — study of medical remedies
acoustics — science of sound
adenology — study of glands
aedoeology — science of generative organs
aerobiology — study of airborne organisms
aerodonetics– science or study of gliding
aerodynamics — dynamics of gases; science of movement in a flow of air or gas
bacteriology — study of bacteria
balneology — the science of the therapeutic use of baths
barodynamics– science of the support and mechanics of bridges
barology– study of gravitation
batology– the study of brambles
bibliology– study of books
bibliotics– study of documents to determine authenticity
bioecology– study of interaction of life in the environment
biology — study of life
biometrics– study of biological measurement
bionomics– study of organisms interacting in their environments
botany– study of plants
bromatology — study of food
brontology — scientific study of thunder
campanology– the art of bell ringing
carcinology– study of crabs and other crustaceans
cardiology– study of the heart
caricology– study of sedges
carpology — study of fruit
cartography — the science of making maps and globes
cartophily– the hobby of collecting cigarette cards
castrametation — the art of designing a camp
catacoustics–science of echoes or reflected sounds
catalactics– science of commercial exchange
catechectics — the art of teaching by question and answer
cetology — study of whales and dolphins
chalcography– the art of engraving on copper or brass
chalcotriptics– art of taking rubbings from ornamental brasses
chaology — the study of chaos or chaos theory
characterology — study of development of character
chemistry– study of properties of substances
chirocosmetics– beautifying the hands; art of manicure
diabology– study of devils
diagraphics– art of making diagrams or drawings
dialectology — study of dialects
dioptrics — study of light refraction
diplomatics — science of deciphering ancient writings and texts
diplomatology– study of diplomats
docimology– the art of assaying
dosiology– the study of doses
dramaturgy — art of producing and staging dramatic works

E to I

Egyptology– study of ancient Egypt
ekistics– study of human settlement
electrochemistry– study of relations between electricity and chemicals
electrology — study of electricity
electrostatics– study of static electricity
embryology– study of embryos
emetology — study of vomiting
emmenology — the study of menstruation
endemiology– study of local diseases
endocrinology– study of glands
enigmatology– study of enigmas
entomology– study of insects
entozoology– study of parasites that live inside larger organisms
enzymology– study of enzymes
ephebiatrics– branch of medicine dealing with adolescence
epidemiology– study of diseases; epidemics
fluviology — study of watercourses
folkloristics– study of folklore and fables
futurology– study of future
garbology– study of garbage
gastroenterology — study of stomach; intestines
gastronomy– study of fine dining
gemmology– study of gems and jewels
genealogy– study of descent of families
genesiology– study of reproduction and heredity
genethlialogy– the art of casting horoscopes
geochemistry– study of chemistry of the earth’s crust
geochronology— study of measuring geological time
geogeny– science of the formation of the earth’s crust
geogony– study of formation of the earth
geography– study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants
geology — study of earth’s crust
geomorphogeny– study of the origins of land forms
geoponics– study of Agriculture
hydrography– study of investigating bodies of water
hydrokinetics– study of motion of fluids
hydrology– study of water resources
hydrometeorology– study of atmospheric moisture
hydropathy — study of treating diseases with water
hyetology– science of rainfall
hygiastics — science of health and hygiene
hygienics– study of sanitation; health
hygiology– hygienics; study of cleanliness
hygrology– study of humidity
hygrometry — science of humidity
hymnography– study of writing hymns
hymnology — study of hymns
hypnology– study of sleep; study of hypnosis
hypsography– science of measuring heights
iamatology — study of remedies
iatrology– treatise or text on medical topics; study of medicine
iatromathematics– archaic practice of medicine in conjunction with astrology
ichnography– art of drawing ground plans; a ground plan
ichnology– science of fossilized footprints
ichthyology– study of Fish
iconography– study of drawing symbols
iconology– study of icons; symbols
ideogeny– study of origins of ideas
ideology — science of ideas; system of ideas used to justify behaviour
idiomology– study of idiom, jargon or dialect
idiopsychology– psychology of one’s own mind
immunogenetics– study of genetic characteristics of immunity
immunology– study of immunity
immunopathology– study of immunity to disease
insectology — study of insects
irenology — the study of peace

K to O

koniology — study of atmospheric pollutants and dust
ktenology — science of putting people to death
kymatology — study of wave motion
labeorphily– collection and study of beer bottle labels
larithmics– study of population statistics
laryngology — study of larynx
lepidopterology — study of butterflies and moths
leprology– study of leprosy
lexicology — study of words and their meanings
lexigraphy– art of definition of words
lichenology — study of lichens
limacology– study of slugs
limnobiology– study of freshwater ecosystems
limnology — study of bodies of fresh water
linguistics — study of language
lithology– malariology study of malaria
mammalogy– study of mammals
manÃ¨ge– the art of horsemanship
Mariology– study of the Virgin Mary
martyrology– study of martyrs
mastology– study of mammals
mathematics– study of magnitude, number, and forms
mazology– mammalogy; study of mammals
mechanics — study of action of force on bodies
meconology– study of or treatise concerning opium
melittology — study of bees
mereology– study of part-whole relationships
mesology — ecology
metallogeny– study of the origin and distribution of metal deposits
metallography– study of the structure and constitution of metals
metallurgy– study of alloying and treating metals
nidology — study of nests
nomology– the science of the laws; especially of the mind
noology– science of the intellect
nosology — study of diseases
nostology– study of senility
notaphily– collecting of bank-notes and cheques
numerology — study of numbers
numismatics– study of coins
nymphology– study of nymphs
obstetrics– study of midwifery
oceanography– study of oceans
oceanology — study of oceans
odology — science of the hypothetical mystical force of od
odontology– study of teeth
oenology– study of wines
oikology — science of housekeeping
olfactology– study of the sense of smell
ombrology — study of rain
oncology — study of tumours
oneirology — study of dreams
orthography– study of spelling
orthopterology– study of cockroaches
oryctology — mineralogy or paleontology
osmics– scientific study of smells
osmology– study of smells and olfactory processes
osphresiology– study of the sense of smell
osteology — study of bones
otology — study of the ear
otorhinolaryngology– study of ear, nose and throat

P to T

paedology– study of children
paedotrophy– art of rearing children
paidonosology– study of children’s diseases; pediatrics
palaeoanthropology– study of early humans
palaeobiology — study of fossil plants and animals
palaeoclimatology– study of ancient climates
palaeolimnology– study of ancient Fish
palaeolimnology– study of ancient lakes
palaeontology– study of fossils
philately– study of postage stamps
philematology — the act or study of kissing
phillumeny– collecting of matchbox labels
philology — study of ancient texts; historical linguistics
philosophy– science of knowledge or wisdom
phoniatrics — study and correction of speech defects
phonology — study of speech sounds
psychology– study of mind
psychopathology– study of mental illness
psychophysics– study of link between mental and physical processes
pteridology — study of ferns
pterylology — study of distribution of feathers on birds
pyretology — study of fevers
pyrgology — study of towers
pyroballogy– study of artillery
pyrography– study of woodburning
quinology — study of quinine
raciology– study of racial differences
radiology– study of X-rays and their medical applications
reflexology– study of reflexes
rhabdology — knowledge or learning concerning divining rods
rhabdology — art of calculating using numbering rods
rheology — science of the deformation or flow of matter
rheumatology– study of rheumatism
rhinology– study of the nose
rhochrematics– science of inventory management and the movement of products
runology — study of runes
sarcology– study of fleshy parts of the body
satanology — study of the devil
scatology– study of excrement or obscene literature
schematonics– art of using gesture to express tones
sciagraphy– art of shading
scripophily — collection of bond and share certificates
sedimentology — study of sediment
seismology — study of earthquakes
selenodesy– study of the shape and features of the moon
selenology– study of the moon
semantics — study of meaning
semantology– science of meanings of words
semasiology– study of meaning; semantics
topology– study of places and their natural features
toponymics– study of place-names
toreutics — study of artistic work in metal
toxicology — study of poisons
toxophily — love of archery; archery; study of archery
traumatology– study of wounds and their effects
tribology — study of friction and wear between surfaces
trichology– study of hair and its disorders
trophology– study of nutrition
tsiganology– study of gypsies
turnery– art of turning in a lathe
typhlology– study of blindness and the blind
typography– art of printing or using type
typology– study of types of things

U to Z

ufology– study of alien spacecraft
uranography– descriptive astronomy and mapping
uranology– study of the heavens; astronomy
urbanology– study of cities
urenology– study of rust molds
urology — study of urine; urinary tract
venereology– study of venereal disease
vermeology– study of worms
vexillology– study of flags
victimology– study of victims
vinology — scientific study of vines and winemaking
virology– study of viruses
vitrics– glassy materials; glassware; study of glassware
volcanology — study of volcanoes
vulcanology– study of volcanoes
xylography– art of engraving on wood
xylology — study of wood
zenography– study of the planet Jupiter
zoiatrics– veterinary surgery
zooarchaeology– study of animal remains of archaeological sites
zoochemistry– chemistry of animals
zoogeography– study of geographic distribution of animals
zoogeology — study of fossil animal remains
zoology– study of animals
zoonomy– animal physiology
zoonosology– study of animal diseases
zoopathology– study of animal diseases
zoophysics– physics of animal bodies
zoophysiology — study of physiology of animals
zoophytology– study of plant-like animals
zoosemiotics– study of animal communication
zootaxy– science of classifying animals
zootechnics– science of breeding animals
zygology — science of joining and fastening
zymology — science of fermentation
zymurgy– branch of chemistry dealing with brewing and distilling

EVERYDAY SCIENCE PREPARATION OF VITAMINS

Vitamin C is also called Ascorbic Acid it prevents scurvy
• Vitamin C is also necessary for utilization of iron
• The food which contains largest amount of Vitamin C is tomato
• Cod liver oil contains Vitamin D
• Collagen is the substance that gives elasticity to skin
• Vitamin E promotes oxygenation and acts as anti aging
• Carbon dioxide we release comes from food we eat
• Vitamin B2 has what other name Riboflavin
• Fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Vitamin E is called anti-aging agent
• Vitamin E helps in fertility process
• Vitamin B helps maintain normal appetite and good digestion
• Protein found in milk is Casein, in beans is Legumes, in meat is myosin and in eggs is albumin
• Water soluble vitamin are B and C and all other are fat soluble
• Vitamin A is stored as Ester in liver
• Vitamin A is found in carotene bearing plants
• Vitamin K helps to form prothrobin (fibro gin) one of the enzymes helpful in blood clotting
• Vitamin E is necessary for iron utilization; normal reproductive function. Vitamin E is for reproduction.
• Vitamin A is found in Dairy products
• Deficiency of Vitamin A causes Night blindness.
• Too much presence of the Potassium salt in human blood increase the risk of heart attack.
• The lack of calcium in the diet causes what condition-Rickets
• Celluloses are carbohydrates.
• Milk contains lactose.
• Vitamin C is a preventor of infectious disease
• Vitamin C is also called Skin food
• Vitamin C can easily be lost in cooking and food storage
• Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism.
• Vitamin C hastens healing of wounds
• Vitamin capable of formation of blood is B12
• Riches source of Vitamin D is code liver oil
• Riches source of Vitamin A is eggs
• Deficiency of Calcium leads to rickets
• Vitamin B1 is available is yeast.
• Scury, arising due to deficiency of vitamin C, it is related to Gastro-intestinal disorder.
• Sodium is necessary of nervous system.
• Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism.
• Cheese contains vitamin D.
• Vitamin C can not be stored in human body.
• Scurvy, arising due to deficiency of vitamin C, it is related to Gastro-intestinal disorder.
• Sodium is necessary of nervous system.
• Ground nut has maximum protein
• Digestion of fat in intestine is aided by Emulsification
• Hair, finger nails, hoofs, etc are all make of protein
• Deficiency of sodium and potassium causes muscular cramps, headache and diahrae
• Milk contains 80% water
• Milk is a complete food.
• Cheese contains vitamin D.
• Vitamin E is for reproduction.
• Deficiency of Thiamine causes Beri Beri.
• Glucose is the source of energy for human brain.
• Major component of honey is Glucose
• Three main food nutrients are carbohydrates, protein and fats. Other are vitamins and minerals
• Meat is rich in iron we need to make blood cells
• Eating of coconut increases man’s mental faculties
• Food poisoning can result from the eating of too much toadstools.
• Vitamin c is also known as Ascorbic Acid.
• Celluloses are carbohydrates.
• Milk contains lactose
• Ascorbic acid is essential for the formation of bones and teeth.
• Citric acid is a good substitution for ascorbic acid in our nutrition.

The food which contains largest amount of Vitamin C is tomato
• Cod liver oil contains Vitamin D
• Collagen is the substance that gives elasticity to skin
• Vitamin E promotes oxygenation and acts as anti aging
• Carbon dioxide we release comes from food we eat
• Vitamin B2 has what other name Riboflavin
• Fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Vitamin E is called anti-aging agent
• Vitamin E helps in fertility process
• Vitamin B helps maintain normal appetite and good digestion
• Protein found in milk is Casein, in beans is Legumes, in meat is myosin and in eggs is albumin
• Water soluble vitamin are B and C and all other are fat soluble
• Vitamin A is stored as Ester in liver
• Vitamin A is found in carotene bearing plants
• Vitamin K helps to form prothrobin (fibro gin) one of the enzymes helpful in blood clotting
• Vitamin E is necessary for iron utilization; normal reproductive function. Vitamin E is for reproduction.
• Vitamin A is found in Dairy products
• Deficiency of Vitamin A causes Night blindness.
• Too much presence of the Potassium salt in human blood increase the risk of heart attack.
• The lack of calcium in the diet causes what condition-Rickets
• Celluloses are carbohydrates.
• Milk contains lactose.
• Vitamin C is a preventor of infectious disease
• Vitamin C is also called Skin food
• Vitamin C can easily be lost in cooking and food storage
• Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism.
• Vitamin C hastens healing of wounds
• Vitamin capable of formation of blood is B12
• Riches source of Vitamin D is code liver oil
• Riches source of Vitamin A is eggs
• Deficiency of Calcium leads to rickets
• Vitamin B1 is available is yeast.
• Scury, arising due to deficiency of vitamin C, it is related to Gastro-intestinal disorder.
• Sodium is necessary of nervous system.
• Vitamin D is essential for calcium metabolism.
• Cheese contains vitamin D.
• Vitamin C can not be stored in human body.
• Scurvy, arising due to deficiency of vitamin C, it is related to Gastro-intestinal disorder.
• Sodium is necessary of nervous system.
• Ground nut has maximum protein
• Digestion of fat in intestine is aided by Emulsification
• Hair, finger nails, hoofs, etc are all make of protein
• Deficiency of sodium and potassium causes muscular cramps, headache and diahrae
• Milk contains 80% water
• Milk is a complete food.
• Cheese contains vitamin D.
• Vitamin E is for reproduction.
• Deficiency of Thiamine causes Beri Beri.
• Glucose is the source of energy for human brain.
• Major component of honey is Glucose
• Three main food nutrients are carbohydrates, protein and fats. Other are vitamins and minerals
• Meat is rich in iron we need to make blood cells
• Eating of coconut increases man’s mental faculties
• Food poisoning can result from the eating of too much toadstools.
• Vitamin c is also known as Ascorbic Acid.
• Celluloses are carbohydrates.
• Milk contains lactose
• Ascorbic acid is essential for the formation of bones and teeth.
• Citric acid is a good substitution for ascorbic acid in our nutrition.
• A guava contains more vitamin C than an orange
• Vitamin not stored in human body…..C

• Deficiency of vitamin A causes dryness of skin and night blindness
• Skin food is Vitamin C
• Vitamin C is also called Ascorbic Acid it prevents scurvy
• Vitamin C is also necessary for utilization of iron

SOME MCQS OF EVERYDAY SCIENCE FROM PAST PAPERS OF NTS

. the most important stimulant in tea leaves is
A. Burcina
B. Caffeine
C. Phenylalanine
D. Theine
Answer is = B
2. dolly is the name of the
A. first cloned sheep
B. first cloned monkey
C. first test- tube baby
D. first human fossil
Answer is = A
3. Which part of the camera is analogue to the retina in the human eye?
A. lens
B. film
C. aperture
D. shutter
Answer is = B
4. When a person enters a dark room from bright light he is not able to see
A. Eye is unable to adjust itself immediately
B. Retina becomes insensitive momentarily
C. Lris is unable to dilate the pupil immediately
D. Distance between the lens and retina take time to adjusted
Answer is = C
5. What is the average adult plus rate?
A. 140-150
B. 115-125
C. 72-80
D. 60
Answer is = C
6. The beautiful color patterns exhibited by a peacock in its tail feathers are due to
A. selective absorption of light
B. selective reflection of light
C. sinterference of light
D. natural color pattern of feathers
Answer is = A
7. A take starts freezing because of the cold atmosphere. It will first freeze
A. At the bottom
B. In the middle part
C. At the top surface
D. Uniform throughout the water body
Answer is = C
8. the sun appears red at sunrise and sunset while it appears white at noon, because
A. of refraction
B. it color at sunrise and at sunset
C. of diffraction leading to red end of
the spectrum reaching the earth
D. of scattering of light due to dust particles and air molecules
Answer is = D
9. An astronaut inside a spacecraft is in a state of weightlessness. This implies that
A. the mass of the astronaut is reduced to zero
B. Gravity inside the spacecraft cases to act
C. The astronaut is outside the influence of the earth’s gravitational force
D. The astronaut and the spacecraft are both in a free-falling state
Answer is = D
10. An iceberg is floating in sea. How much of its mass will remain above the surface of water?
A. One tenth
B. One fifth
C. One fourth
D. One third
Answer is = A
11. Most of the ozone in the atmosphere is concentrated in the
A. Mesosphere
B. troposphere
C. stratosphere
D. lonosphere
Answer is = C
12. The cow’s milk contains how much amount of water in terms of percentage?
A. 60 %
B. 65 %
C. 72 %
D. 80 %
Answer is = D
13. T.V Transmission cannot cover a very large area because.
A. the strength of T.V waves is very limited
B. picture cannot be transmitted clearly after a specific distance.
C. the shape of the earth is spherical
D. the air is not a good conductor of light and sound/waves.
Answer is = C
14. The Green House Effect is caused by an excess of
A. carbon dioxide
B. carbon monoxide
C. carbon tetrachloride
D. none of above
Answer is = A
15. Bats can also fly in dark because they are capable of taking the help of
A. Ultraviolet waves
B. ultrasonic waves
C. Electromagnetic waves
D. Special Retinal
Answer is = B
16. What is ‘Stealth technology’?
A. A device which when attached to
makes an aircraft it invisible on the radar
B. A coating which reduces the
visibility of an aircraft on a order
C. A technology by which it is possible
for the aircrafts to spy in the enemy air-space
E. A technology by using which paratroopers
can be drooped stealthily behind the enemy columns
Answer is = B
17. The primary function or the feathers in birds is to
A. Provide insulation for preserving body heat
B. provide striking surface to wings for flying
C. make the body surface water proof
D. impart coloration for species as well as sex recognition
Answer is =B
18. The rear view mirror of a motor vehicle is
A. concave
B. plane
C. convex
D. Biconcave
Answer is = C
19. Lead ball falls through water more slowly than through air because
A. the value of ‘g’ is less in water
B. Density of air is than that of water
C. of the viscous forces in water
D. of the surface tension of water
Answer is = C
20. A Fahrenheit thermometer indicates a temperature of 14f its Celsius scale will be
A. _20 c
B. _ 10 c
C. + 10 c
D. + 20 c
Answer is = B
21. Which one of the following sets of colour combinations is added in colour vision in T.V?
A. Red, green and blue
B. orange, lack and violet
C. White, red and yellow
D. Yellow, green and blue
Answer is = A
22. A train goes past a railway station at a high speed A young boy standing on the edge of the platform is likely to.
A. remain unaffected
B. Fall away from the train
C. Fall towards the train
D.Fall away from or toeards the train depending upon the speed
Answer is = C
23. Water is highly effective coolant for a car engine because
A. Water is good conductor of heat
B. Water has very high specific heat
C. Water boils at a comparatively high temperature
D. Evaporation of water produces lot of cooling
Answer is = A
24. Scalding with steam is more severe than scalding by boiling water because
A. Steam can penetrtae thi skin
B. Steam is at a higher temperature
C. Steam contain more energy than boiling water
D. Steam is at a higher pressure
Answer is = C
25. In order to prevent the corrosion of iron pipes they are often coated with a layer of zinc. This process is termed as
A. Electroplating
B. Annealing
C. Ga
Answer is = C

Which is the outermost planet in the solar system?
A. Mercury
B. Pluto
C. Neptune
D. Uranus

2. The SI unit of charge is __________.
A. Ampere
B. Coulomb
C. Ohm
D. Volt

3. Very High Frequency (VHF) have __________ wavelengths.
A. shorter
B. shortest
C. longer
D. longest

4. Long-sight defect could be corrected by using __________ lens.
A. concave
B. vonvex
C. diverging
D. none of these

5. Deficiency of Vitamin-A results in __________.
A. night blindness
B. rickets
C. scurvy
D. hair fall

6. For a fixed mass of gass at constant temperature, if we decrease volume, the pressure will _________.
A. also decrease
B. increase
C. remains constant
D. none of these

7. The lifespan of Red Blood Cells is __________ days.
A. 60
B. 120
C. 180
D. 240

8. The density of water is __________.
A. 1 g/cm3
B. 1.5 g/cm3
C. 2 g/cm3
D. none of these

9. Radioactivity was discovered by __________.
A. Kelvin
B. Thomson
C. Rutherford
D. Bacquerel

10. A device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy is called __________.
A. motor
B. generator
C. moving-coil meter
D. battery

11. The average adult has a blood volume of about __________ liters.
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7

12. The most abundant element in the universe is __________.
A. Oxygen
B. Hydrogen
C. Carbon Dioxide
D. Silicon

13. The most abundant element in the Earth’s crust is __________.
A. Oxygen
B. Hydrogen
C. Carbon Dioxide
D. Silicon

14. Each day human body breathe in __________ liters of air.
A. 5,000 to 10,000
B. 10,000 to 15,000
C. 15,000 to 20,000
D. 20,000 to 25,000

15. Deficiency of Vitamin-D results in __________.
A. night blindness
B. rickets
C. scurvy
D. hair fall

16. The SI unit of “pressure” is _________.
A. pascal
B. joule
C. tesla
D. henry

17. The most densest substance on the Earth is __________.
A. Platinum
B. Copper
C. Steel
D. Osmium

18. A camera uses a __________ to form an image.
A. convex lens
B. concave lens
C. condenser lens
D. none of these

19. Which from the following is NOT a conductor?
A. Aluminium
B. Silicon
C. Graphite
D. All are conductor

20. CNG stands for?
A. Converted Natural Gas
B. Conduced Natural Gas
C. Conducted Natural Gas
D. Compressed Natural Gas

1) One of the countries through which equator passes is:

(a) Kenya
(b) Malaysia
(c) Malta
(d) Pakistan
2) Copper can be converted into gold by:

(a) Artificial radioactivity
(b) heating
(c) Electroplating
(d) Chemical reaction

3) The three elements needed for healthy growth of plants are:

(a) N, P, K
(b) N, C, P
(c) N, K,
(d) N, S, P

4) Clocks, which moves with the velocities compareable with the velocity of light, run:

(a) fast
(b) slow
(c) equal to the velocity of light
(d) with zero velocity

5) Max Planck received the noble prize in Physics in 1918 for his discovery of:

(a) electron
(b) energy quanta
(c) photon
(d) positron

6) Bronze medal is made up of metals:

(a) (copper,nickel)
(b) (copper, tin)
(c) (copper, silver)
(d) (copper, zinc)

7) Addison’s disease is caused by the excessive secretion of:

(a) Antiduretic Harmone
(b) Luteinising Harmone
(c) Melanophore stimulating Harmone
(d) Adrenocorticotrophic Harmone

8) Development of calf muscles in ladies who wear high heels is a common example of:

(a) Natural Selection
(b) inheritance of acquired character
(c) Use and disuse of organ
(d) Artificial selection

9) Margalla Hill is a branch of:

(a) Karakorum range
(b) Hindukash range
(c) Himalaya range
(d) Nanga Parbat range

10) Humming bird belongs to a category called:

(a) Ectotherm
(b) Endotherm
(c) Exotherm
(d) Heterotherm.

(a) Oxidation-Loss of an electron
(b) Oxidation – gain of an electron
(c) Reduction – gain of a neutron
(d) Reduction – loss of a neutron
(2) Radioactive isotope of Uranium used in Nuclear Bomb is:

(a)92 U 235
(b)92 U 234
c)92 U 233
d)92 U 238

(3) Human population growth is greatest in developing countries because:

(a) the birth rate is high in developing countries
(b) the death rate is high in developing countries.
(c) much of the population has already reached the child bearing age.
(d) most of the world’s population lives in industrialized countries.

(4) Which woody raw material is used for the manufacture of paper pulp?

(a) Cotton
(b) Poplar
(c) Bagasse
(d) Rice straw

(5) Rectified spirit contains alcohol about:

(a) 80%
(b) 95%
(c) 70%
(d) 85%

(6) Which of the following elements is not present abundantly in earth’s crust:

(a) Silicon
(b) Radium
(c) Aluminum
(d) Carbon

(7) The famous book; Al – Qanoun was written by the Muslim scientist:

(a.) Jabar bin Hayyan
(b) Zakariya Al – Razi
(c) Abu Ali Sina
(d) Abdul Qasim Majreeti

(8) Basic metals can be converted into gold by:

(a) Heating
(b) Beating
(c) Artificial nuclear radioactivity
(d) Chemical reaction

(9) A light year is a unit of:

(a) Time
(b) Energy
(c) Length
(d) Mass

(10) One of the main function of the earth’s ozone layer is to:

(a) Prevent global warming
(b) Filter out ultraviolet rays
(c) Absorb pollution
(d) All of the above

26. Myopia is a disease connected with

A. Ears
B. Eyes
C. Lungs
D. Brain

27. Leukemia is a disease of the

A. Lungs
B. Blood
C. Skin
D. Nerves

28. Short-sightedness can be corrected by using

A. Convex lens
B. Concave lens
C. Convex-concave lens
D. Concave-convex lens

29. Trachoma is a disease of the

A. Liver
B. Eyes
C. Lungs
D. Kidneys

30. Match the following

Column I Column II

A. Beriberi 1. Vitamin A
B. Scurvy 2. Vitamin B
C. Rickets 3. Vitamin C
D. Night Blindness 4. Vitamin D

A B C D

(a) 3 2 1 4

(b) 2 1 3 4

(d) 2 3 1 4

31. Typhoid and cholera are typical examples of

A. Infectious diseases
B. Air-borne disease
C. Water-borne disease
D. None of these

32. Pyorrhea is a disease of the

A. Nose
B. Gums
C. Heart
D. Lungs

33. Lack of what causes diabetes.

A. Sugar
B. Insulin
C. Calcium
D. Vitamins

34. Appendix is appendix is a part of

A. Small intestine
B. Large intestine
C. Stomach
D. Liver

35. Match the following columns

Column I Column II

A. Cataract 1. Bones
B. Jaundice 2. Eyes
C. Diabetes 3. Liver
D. Arthritis 4. Pancreas

A B C D

(a) 2 3 4 1

(b) 2 3 1 4

(d) 3 2 4 1

36. Bronchitis is a disease of which of the following organs?

A. Blood
B. Bladder
C. Liver
D. Respiratory tract

37. ECG is used for the diagnosis of aliments of

A. Brain
B. Heart
C. Kidneys
D. Lungs

38. Biopsy is done on

A. Tissues taken from a dead body
B. Tissues taken form a living body
C. Blood from veins
D. Blood from arteries

39. Barium is used for

A. Checking blood group
B. X-ray of alimentary canal
C. X-ray of brain
D. None of these

40. Dialysis is used for the treatment of

A. Kidney failure
B. Heart weakness
C. Brain diseases
D. None of these

41. Insulin is injected into the intestines by

A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Stomach
D. Gall bladder

42. Lock Jaw, i.e., difficulty in opening the mouth is a symptom of

A. Cholera
B. Plague
C. Tetanus
D. Diphtheria

43. Which of the following pairs is incorrect?

A. Plague-rats
B. Rabies-dog
C. Tapeworm-pig
D. Poliomyelitis-monkey

44. Match the following columns

Column I Column II

A. Air-borne 1. Tetanus
B. Water-borne 2. Tuberculosis
C. Contact 3. Cholera
D. Wound 4. Syphilis

A B C D

(a) 2 3 1 4

(b) 2 3 4 1

(d) 4 3 2 1

45. Ricketts is a disease of the

A. Bones
B. Tissue
C. Muscles
D. Blood

46. Which of the following statements is correct

A. Pulmonary artery carries pure blood
B. Pulmonary artery carries impure blood
C. Pulmonary vein carries impure blood
D. None of these

47. Lungs are situated in the

A. Abdominal cavity
B. Pericardial cavity
C. Buccal cavity
D. Thoracic cavity

48. The human cell contains

A. 44 chromosomes
B. 48 chromosomes
C. 46 chromosomes
D. 23 chromosomes

49. Enzymes help in

A. Respiration
B. Digestion of food
C. Immune system
D. Reproduction

50. Food is normally digested in the

A. Liver
B. Stomach
C. Small intestines
D. Large intestines

1. Which of the following is not an alloy?

(a) Bronze

(b) Brass

(d) Zinc

2. Micro-elements needed to increase soil fertility are

(a) Nitrogen, hydrogen and calcium

(b) Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

(d) Manganese, copper and zinc

3. Sugarcane crop matures in a boat

(a) 2 months

(b) 4 months

(c) 8 months

(d) 12 months

4. Chlorine is

(a) A rare earth element

(b) A halogen

(d) Coinage metal

5. A solution of washing soda in water is

(a) Acidic

(b) Basic

(d) Sour

6. Which of the following discoveries are associated with Einstein?

(i) Theory of relativity

(ii) Quantum Theory

(iii) Radio activity

(iv) Rocket Propulsion.

(a) (i) & (ii)

(b) (i),(ii) & (iii)

(d) (d) (i)only

7. New high yielding varieties of food crops are different from the conventional in that they need

(a) Less water

(b) Less fertilisers

(d) Less water and more fertilisers

8. Which of the following is an insecticide?

(a) TNT

(b) DDT

(d) Ammonium phosphate

9. Why do you feel chill after having a dip in sea water?

(a) The difference in temperature between sea water and the atmosphere

(b) Evaporation of water from the body

(c) Deposition of salt on the body

(d) None of these

10. Why is water in an open pond cool even on a hot day

(a) The soil under the water has accumulated cold for all time

(b) Heat of the water gets reduced by evaporation always taking place

(d) None of the above

Arranging the following in descending order of their life spans

(i) Elephant.

(ii) Horse,

(iii) Tiger,

(iv) Wolf

(a) A,B,C,D

(b) A,C,B,D

(d) D,A,B,C

12. The surface of the water in a lake is frozen and its temperature is 15^oC. The maximum possible temperature of the water, inside the lake in contact with the ice layer

(a) 0^oC

(b) 4°C

(d) Insufficient data to predict

13. A stone is tied to a rope and attached till a wooden bar whack rotates at constant angular velocity. Suddenly the bar is stopped. The stone gets encircled around the bar. What happens to the stone?

(a) Increases

(b) Decreases

(c) Remains the same

(d) First increases and then decreases

14. Polio is caused by a:

(a) Virus

(b) Bacteria

(e) Deficiency of vitamin

(d) Fungus

15. Mixed farming means

(a) Simultaneous cultivation of a number of crops in a single field

(b) Alternate cropping in a field

(d) None of these

16. Which is not a parasite?

(a) Tick

(b) Housefly

(d) Louse

17. Sea of a child is determined by the

(a) Chromosomes of father

(b) Chromosomes of mother

(c) Rh factor of parents

(d) None of these

18. The most appropriate source of energy for cooking and lighting purposes in rural India is

(a) Bio-gas

(b) Solar energy

(d) Tidal energy

19. The tape of the tape-recorder is coated with

(a) Copper sulphate

(b) Mica

(c) Ferromagnetic powder

(d) Zinc Oxide

20. The cover of a Solar cooker is made; of glass. Why?

(a) ft absorbs sun rays

(b) R reflects sun rays

(c) Sun heat is transmitted through glass without much absorption

(d) None of these

following groups represents the correct order of four types of teeth in human beings? '

(a) Incisors, premolars, molars, canines

(b) Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

(d) Canines, incisors, molars, premolars

22. When a brick is dropped in water, bubbles are seen to rise. This is due to.

(a) Air in the pores of the brick

(b) Air in water

(d) None of these

23. In photosynthesis the processes that occur are

(a) Carbon dioxide is taken by the plants and oxygen is released

(b) Water is released

(d) The green pigment is split by sunlight

24. Liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of

(a) Methane, Ethane and Acetylene

(b) Methane, Propane and Hexane

(d) Butane, Heptanes and Pentane

25. The Raman effect is found in

(a) Prism

(b) All transparent media

(d) Liquid

26. The acid that does not contain oxygen is

(a) Hydrochloric acid

(b) Sulphuric acid

(d) All

27. Oxygen was discovered by

(a) James Chadwick

(b) J.J. Thomson

(c) Joseph Priestley

(d) None of these

28. Which atomic-rich mineral is largely found in India?

(a) Uranium

(b) Thorium

(d) None of these

29. Who was responsible for pointing out the importance of 'Zero'?

(a) Edison

(6) Aryabhatta

(d) None of these

30. An Anemometer is an instrument for measuring

(a) Current

(b) Speed of wind or any other moving gas

(d) None of these

31. A Lactometer is used to

(a) find fracture point

(b) Check purity of milk

(d) None of these

32. All living objects consume oxygen for their respiration. Oxygen is replenished by plants during

(a) Night

(b) Evening

(d) Morning

33. A Potato is a

(a) Modified fruit

(b) Modified stem

(d) Modified root

34. Night-blindness is caused by the deficiency of

(a) Vitamin B

(b) Vitamin C

(c) Vitamin A

(d) Vitamin D

(35) Growth of the body is studied in

(a) Biology

(b) Ecology

(e) Genetics

(d) Physiology

36. Brass is an alloy of

(a) Copper and zinc

(b) Copper and nickel

(d) Copper and cabal

37. Nights are cool when

(a) The nights are cloudy and the days are clear

(b)The nights are clear and the days are cloudy

(d) Both the nights and the days are clear

38. The most abundant element on earth is

(a) Nitrogen

(b) iron

(d) Oxygen

39. If a magnet is broken into two equal pieces, what will be the result?

(a) One half will be the North Pole and the other South Pole

(b) A magnet cannot be divided into two pieces

(c) Both pieces will individually become magnets

(d) The magnet will lose its magnetic power.

40. What is the value of the Absolute Zero?

(a) -273^oC

(b) 0°C

(c) -173^o K

(d) 273°F

41. The Stevenson screen is a

(a) Screen for projecting films

(b) Standard shelter for thermometers

(d) Device for measuring rainfall

42. A rock is taken from the surface of the earth to the moon. What changes will be observed?

(a) The mass and weight of the rock will change

(b) The weight of the rock will change

(c) The mass of the rock will change

(d) The mass and weight of the rock will remain the same

43. The branch of botany which deals with the study of stags is

(a) Morphogenesis

(b) Physiology

(d) Ecology

44. What phenomenon Is responsible for the formation of a rainbow?

(a) Dispersion

(b) Polarization

(c) Refraction

(d) Reflection

45. What does pasteurization mean?

(a) It refers to putting sheep or cattle to graze

(b) It is a process which prevents liquid food from being spotted

(d) It is a method of giving artificial respiration to human beings for saving life

46. A person sitting under a fan feels cool. If a thermometer is pert below the fan, what will be the reading?

(a) It will read only the room temperature

(b) It is not possible Jo say anything

(d) It will show a lower value of room temperature

47. The diameter of a sphere is increased by a factor of 2. What will be the increase in volume?

(a) 8 times

(b) 10 times

(c) 4 times

(d) 6 times

48. when the mass af a moving body is doubled and speed halved, what be the change in kinetic energy of the body?

(a) Increases S times

(b) Reduces to Half

(d) Remains same

49. The unit of force in the standard international system is

(a) Daar

(b) Newton

(d) Pound-Weight

50. Which af aW following is a good conductor of heat but bad conductor of electricity?

(a) Cellloid

(b) Perstex

(d) Mica

51, The Mercary thermometer was invented by

(a) Galileo

(b) Torricelli

(d) Fahrenheit

52. Electrical Current at measured by

(a) Ammetar

(b) Anemometer,

(c) Voltmeter

(d) Watermeter

53. The nucleus of an atom consists of

(a) Protons, neutrons and electrons

(b) Protons and electrons

(c) Protons and neutrons

(d) Only protons

54. Radar which helps to detect the presence of enemy aircraft, uses

(a) Electric waves

(b) Ultrasonic waves

(d) Radio waves

55. The system of winds around a low barometric pressure is known as

(a) Dust storm

(b) Thunderstorm

(d) Anti-cyclone

56. The main constituents of cement are

(a) Calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate

(b) Lime, alumina and silica

(d) Limestone and clay

57. The penetrating power of X-rays depends upon the.......of the X-rays

(a) Wavelength

(b) Energy of photons

(d) Frequency

58. Glycolysis is a process of:

(a) Photosynthesis

(b) Reproduction

(c) Respiration

(d) Transpiration

59. Seed is a technically

(a) Ripened Ovule

(b) Carpel

(d) None of these

60. The functioning of a loud speaker depends upon its

(a) Shane only

(b) Size and shape both

(d) None of the above

EVERYDAY SCIENCE MCQS

1. Brass gets discolored in air because of the presence of which of the following gases in air?

Oxygen
B. Hydrogen sulphide
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Nitrogen

2. Which of the following is a non metal that remains liquid at room temperature?

A. Phosphorous
B. Bromine
C. Chlorine
D. Helium

3. Chlorophyll is a naturally occurring chelate compound in which central metal is

A. copper
B. magnesium
C. iron
D. calcium

4. Which of the following is used in pencils?

A. Graphite
B. Silicon
C. Charcoal
D. Phosphorous

5. Which of the following metals forms an amalgam with other metals?

A. Tin
B. Mercury
C. Lead
D. Zinc

6. Chemical formula for water is

A. NaA1O2
B. H2O
C. Al2O3
D. CaSiO3

7. The gas usually filled in the electric bulb is

A. nitrogen
B. hydrogen
C. carbon dioxide
D. oxygen

8. Washing soda is the common name for

A. Sodium carbonate
B. Calcium bicarbonate
C. Sodium bicarbonate
D. Calcium carbonate

9. Quartz crystals normally used in quartz clocks etc. is chemically

A. silicon dioxide
B. germanium oxide
C. a mixture of germanium oxide and silicon dioxide
D. sodium silicate

10. Which of the gas is not known as green house gas?

A. Methane
B. Nitrous oxide
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Hydrogen

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE/CURRENT AFFAIRES (05 MARKS)

CHIEF JUSTICES

Supreme Court= Mr. Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani
Federal Shariat Court= Agha Rafiq Ahmed Khan
Lahore High Court= Mr. Justice Umar Ata Bandial
Sindh High Court= Mr. Justice Maqbool Baqar
Peshawar High Court= Mr. Justice Mazhar Alam
Baluchistan High Court= Mr. Justice Qazi Faez Isa
Gilgit-Baltistan Supreme Court= Justice Rana Muhammad Arshad Khan

CHIEFS OF ARMED FORCES

Army Staff= General Raheel Sharif
Air Staff= Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique Butt HI
Naval Staff= Admiral Muhammad Asif Sandila
Chairman Joint Chief Of Staff Committee= General Rashad Mahmood,

DG ISI = Major Gen. Rizwan Akhtar

Chairman/Deputy Chairman Senate

Chairman= Nayyar Hussain Bukhari
Deputy Chairman= Sabir Ali Baloch

SPEAKERS AND DEPUTY SPEAKERS ASSEMBLY

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY:

Speaker= Sardar Ayaz Sadiq
Deputy Speaker= Mr. Murtaza Javed Abbas

PUNJAB ASSEMBLY:

Speaker= Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan
Deputy Speaker= Sardar Sher Ali Gorchani

SINDH ASSEMBLY:

Speaker= Agha Siraj Khan Durani
Deputy Speaker= Syeda Shehla Raza

KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA ASSEMBLY:

Speaker= Mr. Asad Qaiser
Deputy Speaker= Mr. Imtiaz Shahid

BALUCHISTAN ASSEMBLY:

Speaker= Mir Jan Muhammad Jamali
Deputy Speaker= Mir Abdul Quddus Bizenjo

GILGIT-BALTISTAN ASSEMBLY:

Speaker= Mr. Wazir Baig
Deputy Speaker= Mr. Jamil Ahmed,

Parliamentary Leader Senate= Raja Muhammad Zafar-ul-Haq
Opposition Leader Senate= Aitzaz Hussain
Opposition Leader Of National Assembly= SYED KHURSHEED SHAH

CHIEF SECRETARIES

Punjab= Naveed Akram Cheema
Sindh= Mr. Sajjad Saleem Hotiana
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa= Mr. Amjad Ali Khan
Balochistan= Babar Yaqoob Fateh Muhammad
Gilgit-Baltistan= Mohammad Jalal Sikandar Sultan Raja
Azad Kashmir= Mr. Mohammad Shehzad Arbab

DISTINCTIVE NAME OF THE COUNTRIES

Britain of the South New Zealand

The Battlefield of Europe Belgium

City of the Golden Gate San Francisco

City of Magnificent Distances Washington D.C.

City of Popes Rome

City of Seven Hills Rome

City of Skyscrapers New York

Cockpit of Europe Belgium

Dark Continent Africa

Dairy of Northern Europe Denmark

Emerald Island Ireland

Empire City New York

Eternal City Rome, Italy

Forbidden City Lhasa (Tibet)

Garden of England Kent

Gate of Tears Babel-Mandab, Jerusalem

Granite City Aberdeen (Scotland)

Great white way Broadway (New York)

Gift of Nile Egypt

Gibraltar of the Indian Ocean Aden

Herring Pond Atlantic Ocean

Hermit Kingdom Korea

Holy Land Palestine

Island of Cloves Madagascar (Malagasy)

The Isle of Spring Jamaica

Key to the Mediterranean Gibraltar

Land of Cakes (or Oat Cakes) Scotland

Land of the Golden Fleece Australia

Land of the Golden Pagoda Myanmar (Burma)

Land of Kangaroos Australia

Land of Lilies Canada

Land of the Midnight Sun Norway

Land of Milk and Honey Canaan

Land of Morning Calm Korea

Land of the Rising Sun Japan

Land of a Thousand Lakes Finland

Land of Thunderbolt Bhutan

Land of White Elephants Thailand

Lady of Snow Canada

Little Venice Venezuela

Never, Never Land Prairies (North Australia)

Pearl of Antilles Cuba

Play ground of Europe Switzerland

Pillars of Hercules Straits of Gibraltar

Pearl of the Pacific Guayaquil Port (Ecuador)

Power keg of Europe Balkans

The Promised Land Canaan

Quaker City Philadelphia

Queen of the Arabian Sea Kochi (India)

Queen of the Adriatic Venice

Rich Coast Costa Rica

Rich Port Puerto Rico

Roof of the world Pamir (Tibet)

The Sea of Mountains British Columbia

Sorrow of China River Hwang Ho

The Saw Mill of Europe Sweden

Sick Man of Europe Turkey

Sugar Bowl of the World Cuba

The Storehouse of the World Mexico

The Down Under Australia

Venice of the North Stockholm

Venice of the East Bangkok (Thailand), Allepey (India)

Yellow River Hwang Ho (China)

White City Belgrade

Windy City Chicago

White Man’s Grave Guinea Coast (West Africa)

The Spice Island of the West Grenada

City of Arabian Nights Baghdad

Twin City Budapest

The Imperial City Rome

Golden City Johannesburg

The Modern Babylon London

Valley of Kings Thebes

ABBREATIONS

SMS=Short Message Service
CNG =Compressed Natural Gas
DVD= Digital Video Disc
VCD= Video Compact Disc
GPRS, Global Position Research Service
LCD= Liquid Crystal Display
USB= Universal Serial Bus
FM= Frequency Modulation
CDI=Capacitor Discharge Ignition
ABC= Alfa Bravo Charlie
SIM=Subscriber Identity Module
DSL=Digital Subscriber Line
CIA= Central Intelligence Agency
I.Q= Intelligence Question
UPS= Universal Power Supply
PC= Personal Computer
A.M= Anti Mar radium
P.M= Past Mar radium
E.G= For Example
I.E= That Is
OK= Objection Killed
WWW= World Wide Website

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE MCQS ABOUT WORLD IMPORTANT DAYS

World environment day is observed on 5th June.
• International day of peace is observed on 3rd Tuesday of September.
• World food day is observed on 16 October.
• International women’s day is observed on 8th March.
• World health day is observed on 7th April.
• Universal children’s day is observed on 20 November.
• World’s aids day is observed on 1 December.
• United nation’s day is observed on 24th October.
• International day of disabled person is observed on 3 December.
• Human rights day is observed on 10 December.
• Press day is celebrated on 3rd May.
• Kashmir Solidarity Day is observed on 5 Feb.
• In France the Bastille Day is celebrated on 14th July.
• International Literacy day is observed on 8 Sep.
• World children day is observed on 8th March.
• Human rights day is observed on 10th Dec.
• Day against drug trafficking is observed on 26 June.
• 22 March is celebrated as the world day for water.
• 11th July is known as World Population Day.
• Kashmir solidarity day is celebrated all over the country Pakistan on 5th February.
• World`s teacher day was observed on October 5, 2005 in Pakistan.
• International Literacy Day is celebrated on September 8.
• International Ozone Day is observed on September 16.
• The year 1998 was observed as the International Year of Ocean.
• Commonwealth Day is observed on May 24 every year.
• Human Rights Day is observed on 10th December every year.
• No Smoking Day is observed on April 7.
• World Book Day is observed on April 23.
• World Environment Day is observed on June 5.
• world press freedom day is celebrated on 3rd may.
• World literacy day is celebrated on 8th September

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

• World’s oldest regligionis Hinduism.
• World’s largest religion is Christianity.
• World’s second most populous city is Mexico city.
• First to sail around the world was Ferdinand Magallan
• Largest number of Palestinian refuges are in Jordan.
• Kazakistan is the largest country in Central Asia.
• Largest landlocked country in world is Mangolia.
• Biggest oil refinery is at Abadan (Iran).
• Detroit (USA) is famous for car manufacturing.
• Glasgow is biggest ship building centre.
• Havana is famous for cigar manufacturing.
• Europe’s only Islamic state is Albania.
• Newzealand is close to Int: Date Line.
• In which city there is the largest stock exchange of the world? New York.
• Oldest Search Engine is … Yahoo
• Bird largest in size… Ostrich
• Oldest parliament in the world— Althing (Iceland)
• The last King of Afghanistan… Zahir Shah
• First person to walk across the Antarctic continent alone was Borge Ousland.
• Aqualine is the world’s longest under-sea tunnel (15.1 km long) bridge and tunnel express-way for motor vehicles across Tokyo Bay.
• Arabia is the larges peninsula.
• Only Hindu kingdom in World is Nepal.
• Who was the first man to fly across the channel: Louis Bleriot
• What is the largest state in the USA: Alaska
• Which of the following countries of South-West Asia leads in the production of oil? Saudi Arabia
• Which country grows the most potatoes: Russia
• What language has the most words: English
• What is the smallest state of Australia-Tasmania
• Paris and What other capital had the worlds first telephone link-Brussels
• What is the largest country in Africa -Sudan
• What was the worlds first passenger jet aircraft-Comet
• In what city was the worlds first blood bank opened 1940-New York – Richard Charles Drew
• What county first used pepper-China
• What is the oldest known science- Astronomy
• What is the last element – Alphabetically-Zirconium
• What is the worlds most popular first name-Mohammed
• What is the fastest swimming ocean fish over 60 mph-Sailfish – Marlin
• People`s republic of china has the largest army of the world.
• The largest tides of the world occur in Bay of fundy (canada).
• Sudan is the largest country in Africa.
• Mumbai is the most populous city.
• Khan Mehtarzai is the highest railway station in Asia.
• Maximum quantities of diamonds are found in Africa.
• The highest rainfall for one month was recorded at Indian town of Cherapoonje. 366,14 inches rain fell there during the month of july 1861.
• Light is the fastest thing in the universe.It travels at a phenomenal speed of 187,000 miles per second.
• The largest tides of the world occur in Bay of Fundy (canada).
• Takla Makan is in China is the driest desert in Asia.
• Largest earthquake fatalities occurred in Izmir, Turkey in 1999.
• Breitling orbiter 3 was the first balloon to fly non-stop around the world.
• King of Malaysia is the only king in the world who is elected for 5 years term.
• Largest oil company belong to USA is The Ecxon Corporation.
• The busiest shopping centre of London is
Oxford Street
• The panch Pokhri Lake situated in the Himalaya Mountains is the highest lake in the world.
• Sierra Leone has the lowest GDP per capita of 510 US dollars and Luxembourg has the highest GDP per capita of 36,400 US dollars.
• People`s republic of china has the largest army of the world.
• The Royal Majesty ship Queen Elizabeth (UK) is the largest passenger ship in the world. It is 314 metres long and 36 metres wide.
• The Cambodian language is a language which has a total number of 74 alphabets.
• The Sumerian civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization of the world.
• Jericho, situated in the Jorden valley is the oldest town of the world.
• The maximum ever temperature of 136.4 F was recorded on september 13,1922 in the city Azizia (Libya) and The minimum temperature of -129.6 F was recorded in the town of Vostok near Antarctica on 24th august , 1960.
• Worldwide most capitol cities begin with which letter- B
• Who built the worlds first film studio- Thomas Alva Edison
• Where is the worlds largest mine-Carletonville South Africa
• What is the biggest tourist attraction in Zambia-Victoria falls
• What country consumes the most coffee per capita 25 Lb-Finland
• Oil is the most traded product in the world what is the second-Coffee
• Which country makes the most films per year- India
• What’s the worlds longest rail journey made no train change Moscow Peking
• What was the first sport to be filmed -Boxing by Thomas Edison 1894
• Name the first film to have its sequel released in the same year-King Kong – Son of Kong
• What cities underground has the most stations-New York
• first man to set foot on all five continents- Captain Cook
• Who was the pilot in the first fatal air crash-Orville Wright
• Where was the worlds first oil well drilled-Pennsylvania
• What country drink the most milk per capita-Iceland
• What country consumes the most fish per capita-Japan

SOLAR SYSTEM

Saturn

In 1610, Galileo became the first person to look at Saturn through telescope.

• Distance from Sun 1427 million kms.
• Revolution period 30 years.
• Rotation period 10h, 14 mins.
• It has 62 moons.
• The largest moon of Saturn is the Titan and it is the second-largest moon in the solar system. Titan is larger than the planet Mercury.
• It is the second largest planet.
• It has a magnificent system of rings.
• Its diameter is 1, 20, 000 km.

Uranus

When sky is very dark and very clear Uranus can be seen with the naked eyes. The planet was discovered by William Herschel in March 1787.

• Its distance from Sun is 2869.9 million kms.
• Revolution period is 84 years.
• Rotation period is 16h, and 10 mins.
• It has 27 moons.
• Titania is the largest moon of Uranus.
• It has an atmosphere which is dominated by hydrogen and helium.
• Its diameter is 52, 400 km.

Neptune

Neptune was discovered by the German astronomer Johann Galle.

• Distance from Sun 4496, 6 million kms.
• Revolution period 165 years (largest year)
• Rotation period 18 hours.
• Neptune has 13 moons that we know of. The largest moon is Triton.
• It is the coldest planet.
• It is the slowest to move around the sun.
• Its diameter is 49,100 kms.
• It is known as the twin of Uranus due to their similarity of size, mass and composition.

Mars

• Distance form sun 228 million kms.
• Revolution period 687 days.
• Rotation period 24 h, 37 min and 22 sec.
• It has two moons Phobos and Deimos.
• Its diameter is 6794 kms.
• Mars is covered with red dust.
• It has an atmosphere composed almost entirely of CO2.
• Its average temperature is -53 0C.

Jupiter

• Its distance from sun is 778 million kms.
• Revolution period 12 years.
• Rotation period 9h, 50min, and 30 sec. (smallest day)
• It has 63 moons.
• It is the largest planet of the solar system.
• It has the largest number of satellites.
• Its diameter is 1, 24,800 kms.
• Its diameter is eleven times greater than the earth’s diameter.
• It has a dense, cloudy atmosphere of hydrogen and helium.
• It has a rock-iron-ice core about 15, 000 km (9,000 miles) thick.
• Jupiter radiates 67% more heat than it receives from the sun. this is mainly due to dissipation of the primordial heat of the planet.

The earth is the largest and the densest of the four terrestrial planets. It is the most wonderful planet of the solar system. Following are the features of the Earth.

• Its distance from the Sun is 150 million kms.
• Its revolution period is 365 ¼ days.
• Its rotation period is 23 hours, 56 minutes, 40 seconds.
• It has one moon.
• It is the densest planet.
• It is also the watery and bios planet.
• Its diameter is 12756 km (7927 miles equatorial and 7900 miles polar diameter)
• It has atmosphere which contains 78% Nitrogen, and 21% Oxygen.
• Its two-thirds surface is covered with oceans.
• The earth’s surface is rich in Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium etc.

WORLD POLITICAL PARTIES

United States of America = Republican Party, Democratic Party

Iraq = Bath Party

Israel = Labour Party, Likud Party Hamas Party, Shas Party

France
Socialist Party, National Front, Union for France Democracy

Australia
Liberal Party, Labour Party

Bangladesh = Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Awami League, Jatiya Party

Nepal = Nepali Communist Party, Nepali Congress party

China
Communist Party of China

Sri Lanka
United National Party, Freedom Party

South Africa
African National Congress, National Party, Inkatha Freedom Party.

United Kingdom = Conservative Party, Labour Party, Liberal Democratic Party.

Russia = Communist Party, Liberal Democratic Party, Russias, Choice

India = India National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, RJD, CPI, CPM, SP, LJP, TDP

Pakistan = Muslim League, Pakistan people Party

BEST OF LUCK!

GRAMMAR

Luckily, the rules of grammar are really pretty logical. After you understand the basic rules regarding the parts of speech and the elements of a sentence, you’ve got an access. Here’s what you need to know to do well on sentence correction questions. As an added bonus, this refresher can help you in the reading comprehension portion as well to figure out much more easily what the writer wants to say.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH

Sentence correction question simply consist of sentence. Sentence is made up of words, and each word in a sentence has a function. The parts of speech in the English language that are import to know for the grammar portion are verbs, nouns, pronouns , adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions.

VERBS
Every sentence has a verb, which means that a sentence isn’t complete without one. You should be familiar with three types of verbs:

1.Actions Verbs: These verbs state what the subject of the sentence to doing. Run, Jump, compile, and the learn are examples of the actions verbs.

2.To Be: The verb “ to be ” ( conjugated as am, is, are, was, were been, and being ) functions like an equal sing. It equates the subject with a noun or adjective for the example: Ben is successful means Ben = successful. She is a CEO means She = CEO.

3.Linking Verbs: These words join the subject to an adjective that describes the condition of the subject. Like the verb “to be “verbs do. Common linking verbs are feeling, seem, appear, remain, look, taste, and smell.

NOUNS

You have undoubtedly heard nouns, defined as persons, places, or things. They provide the “what” of the sentence. A noun can function is a sentence in the different ways:

1. The subject plays the principal role in the sentence. It `s what the sentence is about, or who is doing the action.

2.A direct object receives the action of an action verb.

3.An indirect object receives the direct object. Sentences with direct objects don`t need indirect object.

4.The object of a preposition receives a pre position. ( See “Joining forces : Conjunction and preposition. “ later on in the book )

5.The object in a verbal phrase serves as the receiver of the gerund ( which is a verb from that functions as noun, like, singing ).

6.Appositives clarify or rename others nouns.

7.Predicate nouns follow the verb to be and regard the subject.

So you can see how these different types of nouns function. We ‘ve marked their appearances in these two sentences with the number that corresponds to the list: Being a businessman ( 5 ) with great leadership potential ( 4 ), Shakeel Ahmed ( 1 ). A LUMS graduate (6), GAVE HIS WORKERS ( 3 ) The chance ( 2) to be successful. Shakeel was a very helpful manager ( 7 ).

The test question won`t ask you to define the various noun faction, but being familiar with them helps when we talk about the different tapes of the sentence error you may encounter.

One of the most important things for you the remember about nouns and verbs is that the subject and verb of a sentence have to agree in number. We will discuss this in details later on.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns figure prominently in the sentence correction portion of the test. Pronouns rename nouns and provide a means of the avoiding the needless repetition of the names and other nouns in a sentence or paragraph. On the test pronouns errors are common. To correct these errors, you need to be familiar with the three types of the pronouns : personal, indefinite, and relative:

1.Personal Pronouns: These words rename specific nouns. They take tow forms: Subjective and objective.

. The subjective personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. Subjective personal pronouns are used when the pronoun functions as a subject or predicate nouns ( see the preceding portion for information on nouns functions )

. The objective personal pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us and them. Objective personal pronouns are properly used when they function as an object in the sentence.

2.Indefinite pronouns : These pronouns refer to general nouns rather than specific ones. Some common examples are everyone, somebody, anything, each, one, none, and no one. It`s important to remember that most indefinite pronouns are singular, which means they required singular verbs : One of the employees, is being laid off.

3.Relative pronouns : These words, like that, which, and who, link adjective clauses to the nouns they describe. Who refers to persons; which and that refer primarily to animals and things: He is a manager who is comfortably leading. The consulting work that she does usually saves companies money, which makes her a very popular consultant.

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives describe and clarify nouns and pronoun. For instance: The secretive culture of the corporation created discontented employees. Secretive defines the kind of culture and discontented describes the feeling of the employees. Without the adjectives, the sentence is virtually meaningless: The culture of the corporation created employees.

With sentence correction questions, make sure that adjectives are positioned correctly in the sentence so that each adjective modifies the word is supposed to. For instance, I brought the slides to the meeting that I created makes it seems that the author of the sentence created the meeting rather that the slides. The adjectival phrase that I created is in the wrong place. The better composition is I brought the slides that I created to the meeting.

ADVERBS

Adverbs are like adjectives because they add extra information to the sentence, but adjectives usually modify nouns and adverbs primarily define verbs. Adverbs include all words and group of words ( called adverb phrases ) that answer the questions where, when, how, and why. The `stock market gradually recovered from the 1999 crash. Gradually defines how the stock market recovered.

Some adverbs modify adjectives or other adverb: The extremely unfortunate plumber yodeled very well.

You`ll recognize many adverbs by the –ly ending. But not all adverbs end in –ly. For example, in “the company`s manufacturing moved overseas” , the adverb overseas revelas where the manufacturing is located. In “ The Human Resources director resigned today”, today explains when the director resigned.

Positioning adverbs correctly is important. Separating adverbs from the words they modify makes sentence imprecise.

CONJUCTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS

1.Conjunctions : This part of speech joins words, phrases, and clauses. The three types of conjunctions are coordinating, correlative, and subordinating. Do`n’t worry about memorizing these terms: just remember that the three types exit?

Ø The seven coordinating conjunctions – and but, for, nor, or, so, and yet – are the ones most people think of when they consider conjunctions.

Ø Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs: either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also. These conjunctions correlate two similar clauses in one sentence. Therefore, if you use either as conjunction, you have to include or.

Ø Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and connect them to independent clauses. Although, because, if, when, and while are common examples of subordinating conjunctions.

Prepositions: These words join nouns to the rest of a sentence. We would need several pages to list all the prepositions, but common examples are about, above, at, for, in over, to, and with. A preposition can`t function within a sentence unless the phrases. These phrases consist of a preposition and noun, which is call the object of preposition: The woman in the suit went to the office to sit down. The prepositional: The woman in the suit went to the office to sit down. The preposition is relates its object, suit, to another noun, woman, so in the suit is a prepositional phrase that works as an adjective to describe woman; to the office is an adverbial prepositional phrase that describes where the woman went. Note that the word to in the sit – the phrase doesn`t have an object , so you don`t have a prepositional phrase.

Prepositions often play a part in sentence correction questions. The test may provide you with a sentence that contains an improper preposition construction. Here `s a simple example: He watched the flood while sitting in the roof. The correct preposition is on, not in.

THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE

The parts of speech work together to form sentences. And the trust of the sentence`s information is conveyed by the three main element: the subject, the verb, and the element that links the verb to the subject. To locate the main idea of a sentence, you focus on these three element. Other information within the sentence is secondary.

Subject, Verb, and third element

The subject is the main character of the sentence; it`s the nouns that carries out the action of the sentence or whose condition the sentence describes. The verb describes the action or links the subject and predicate. Depending on the verb used, the third important part of the sentence could be direct object an adverb, an adjective, or a predicate noun. The third element for a sentence with a transitive verb ( an action verb that must be followed by a direct object ) is always a direct object. Intransitive verbs ( actions verbs that can`t be followed by direct objects ) may be completed by adverbs. You can follow the verb to be with either an adjective or a predicate noun. Recognizing the three main elements of the sentence helps you spot errors in the sentence correction questions.

Phrases and Clauses:

In addition to the main elements, a sentence may contain single words, phrases, or clauses that convey more information about the sentence`s main message. Phrases and clauses are groups of worlds that work together to form a single part of speech, like an adverb or adjective. The difference between phrases and clauses is that clauses contain their own subjects and verbs, and phrases don`t. A good understanding of the both clauses and phrases can help you greatly on the grammar portion of the test.

Phrases

The thing you should know about phrases is that they`re groups of worlds what function together as a part of speech. Many of the grammar problems.

. Independent Clauses: These clauses complete thoughts and could stand as sentences by themselves. Here`s an example of a sentence that contains two independent clauses: The firm will go public . Investors will rush to buy stock.

Punctuate two independent clauses in a sentence by joining them either with a semi-colon or with a comma and coordination conjunction.

. Dependent Clauses: These express incomplete thoughts and are therefore sentence fragments if left by them. Even though they contain a subject and a verb they cannot stand alone as sentences without other information. For instance, in the sentence after the two companies merge, they`ll need only one board of directors, the dependent clause in the sentence is after the two companies merge. The clause has a subject, companies, and a verb, merge, but it still leaves the reader needing more information; thus, the clause is dependent. To form a complete sentence, a dependent clause must accompany an independent clause.

Punctuate a beginning dependent clause by placing a comma between it and the independent clause that comes after it. If the dependent clause follows the independent clause, you don`t need by any punctuation: They`ll need only one board of directors after the two companies merge.

COMMON SENTENCE CORRECTION ERRORS

Sentence correction question test your ability to edit written material so that it follows the rules of standard written English. The questions provide you with sentences that contain incorrect sentences. From the five answers, you have to choose the answer that conveys the meaning of the sentence in away that conforms to the dictates of standard written English.

The first answer is always the same as the original sentence. So if you think that the sentence is fine as it is, you should select the first answer. The others four choices present alternative ways of expressing the idea in that sentence. Your task is to determine whether the sentence contains an error and, if so, which of the four alternatives best corrects the error.

You correct errors in sentence correction questions by applying the basic rules of English grammar. The good news is that you won`t be asked to define words, spell words, or diagram any sentences! And no question expects you to correct specific punctuation errors; though knowing the rules for placing commas helps you eliminate answers in some cases.

Errors in subject-verb and pronouns agreement.

One of the most fundamental skills in writing is the ability to make elements of a sentence agree. If your noun is singular and your verb, plural, you`ve got a problem! Even in less formal kinds of communication, like quick e-mails, errors in subject-verb or noun-pronoun agreement can obscure the message you hope to communicate. You can be sure that sentence correction problems will contain some agreement errors.

Subject-verb agreement

When we say the subjects and verbs agree, we don`t mean they`re having a meeting of minds. We mean that plural subject`s pair with plural verbs and singular subjects require singular verbs. Errors in simple constructions are easy to spot. It just doesn`t sound right to say. He attend classes at the university of Michigan.

When the subject isn`t simple or obvious, finding it gets a little more difficult. For example, take a look at this sentence: His fixation with commodities markets have grown into several prosperous ventures, including a consulting business. The subject is fixation, but the prepositional phrase with commodities markets may confuse you into thinking that markets is the subject. Markets is a plural noun, so it would take a plural verb if it were the subject. But you know that markets can`t be the subject of the sentence because markets is part of a prepositional phrase. It`s the object of the preposition with, and a noun can`t be an object and a subject at the same time. The subject has to be fixation, so the verb has, rather than have, is proper.

Focus on the three main elements of a complex sentence of a complex sentence by mentally eliminating words and phrases that aren`t essential to the sentence`s point. Then you can check the prepositional phrase with commodities markets from the sample sentence. We have just last discusses, you get. His fixation have grow, which reveals obvious disagreement between the subject and verb.

Pronoun Agreement

Another relationship you need to keep traqck is to the one between nous and the pronouns that refer to them. A pronoun must agree in number with the noun ( or other pronoun ) it refers to. Plural nouns take plural pronouns, and singular nouns take singular pronoun. For example, this sentence has improper noun-pronoun agreement: You can determine the ripeness of citrus by handling them and nothing their colony. Citrus is a singular noun, so using plural pronouns to refer to it is incorrect. It would be correct to say you can determine the ripeness of citrus by handling it and noting its color.

Another problem with pronouns is unclear references. To know whether a pronoun agrees with its subject, you have to be clear about just what the pronoun refers to. For example, it`s not clear which noun the pronoun is this sentence refers to: Bobby and Tom went to the store, and he purchased a candy bar. Because the subject of the first clause is plural, the pronouns he could refer to either Bobby or Tom or even to a third person. To improve clarity in this case, using the name of the person who bought the candy bar rather than a pronoun is a good idea.

If a sentence correction question contains a pronoun, make sure the pronoun clearly refers to a particular noun in the sentence and that it matches that noun in number. Otherwise, you need

To find an answer that clarifies the reference or corrects the number.

FAULTY CONSTRUCTION

Errors in construction threaten the stability, readability, and even the existence of a sentence! You have, no doubt, often been told to avoid incomplete and run-on sentences. It`s equally important to avoid sentences that confuse your reader. Some sentences may not have grammatical error, but they can be so rhetorically poor as to obscure that point. Both grammatical and rhetorical constructions rely on correct punctuation, ordering of clauses, and parallelism. Major errors often require only minor adjustments. We start with the errors that threaten the existence of a sentence.

Errors in Grammatical Construction

The most commonly tested errors in grammatical construction are sentence fragment, run-on sentences, and sentences that lack parallel structure. After you get used to them, these errors are pretty easy to spot ( technically, a verbal ).

1. SENTENCE FRAGMENTS

Sentence fragments on the test usually show up as dependent clauses pretending to convey complete thoughts or as a bunch of words with something that looks like a verb but doesn`t act like one.

Ø Dependent clauses standing alone are fragments because they don`t present complete thoughts. For example, this clause comes complete with a subject and verb: Although many companies have failed to maintain consistent profits with downsizing. However, it begins with a subordinating conjunction, although, so it leaves you hanging without additional information.

ØPhrases with verbal instead of a verb can appear to be complete if you don`t read them carefully. The verbal phrases in this sentence look like verbs but don`t function as verbs: the peacefulness of a morning warmed by the summer sun and the verdant pastures humming with the sound of busy bees. Warmed and humming can be verbs in other instances, but in this sentence, they’re part of the phrases that provide description but don’t tell what the subjects (peacefulness and pastures) are like or what they’re doing.

You get the hang of recognizing fragments with practice. If you read the sentence under your breath, you should be able to tell whether it expresses a complete thought. Correcting fragments is usually pretty simple. You just add the information that completes the thought or change the verbal phrase to an actual verb. For instance, you could make although many companies have failed to maintain consistent profits with downsizing into a complete sentence by adding a comma and some still try. To complete the peacefulness of a morning warmed by the summer sun and the verdant pastures humming with the sound of busy bees, you could change the verbal phrases: The peacefulness of a morning is warmed by the summer sun, and the verdant pastures hum with the sound of busy bees.

2 RUN-ON SENTENCES

· Run-on sentences occur when a sentence with multiple independent clauses is improperly punctuated. Here’s an example: I had a job interview that morning so I wore my best suit. Both I had a job interview and I wore my best suit are independent clauses. Here are the two rules for punctuating multiple independent clauses in a sentence :

· Independent clauses may be joined with a comma and coordinating conjunction. You could correct the problem by adding a comma, Like this : I had a job interview that morning, So I wore my best suit.

Independent clauses may be joined by a semicolon. The sentence could look like this: I had a job interview that morning; I wore my best suit.

Of course, you could change one of the independent clauses to dependent clauses like this: Because I had a job interview that morning, I wore my best suit. If you do that, remember to separate the clauses with a comma if the dependent clause precedes the independent one. The test probably won’t give you a run-on sentence tot correct, but it may give you an answer that looks pretty good expect that it makes the original sentence a run-on. Make sure the answer you choose doesn`t create a run-on sentence.

3 VERB TENSE ISSUES

In addition to checking for subject-verb agreement, make sure that the verbs in the sentence correction question are in the proper tense. The other verbs in the sentence give you clues to what tense the verbs should be in.

4 LACK OF PARALLELISM

You can count on several sentence correction questions that test your ability to recognize a lack of parallel structure. The basic rule of parallel structure is that all phrase joined by conjunctions should be constructed in the same manner. For example this sentence has problem with parallelism: Ann spent the morning e – mailing clients, responding to voice mails, and wrote an article for the newsletter.

The problem with the sentence is that the three phrases joined by the coordinating conjunction ( and ) in this sentence are constructed in different ways. E-mailing and responding both take the gerund ( or – ing ) from, but wrote doesn`t follow suit. Changing wrote to its gerund form solves the problem: Ann spent the moring e-mailing clients, responding to voice mails, and writing as article for the newsletter.

Parallel structure is also a factor when you join verbal phrases with a form of the verb to be. Because the verb to be means equals, the two equal parts must be constructed equally. The following sentence lacks parallel structure: To be physically healthy is an important as being prosperous in the your work. The sentence compares a phrase in the infinitive from, to be physically healthy, with a phrase in the gerund from, being prosperous in your work. Changing one of the constructions to match the other does the trick: Being physically healthy is as important as being prosperous in your work.

When you see sentence correction question, check for lack of parallelism. Look for phrases joined by coordinating conjunctions. If the phrases or sentence parts exhibit dissimilar construction, you have to correct the parallelism error.

THE APPROCH TO SENTENCE CORRECTION QUESTIONS

The key to performing well on sentence correction questions is to approach them systematically:

1. Determine the nature of the original sentence`s error ( if there is one ).

If a sentence has more than one error, focus on one error at a time. If you can, come up with a quick idea of how a to fix the error to give yourself an idea of what you`re looking.

Spotting the Error

When you read the sentence correction question, pay particular attention to the following:

. If the sentence contains verbs, make sure they agree with their subject and are in the proper tense.

. Check any pronouns to determine whether they agree in number with the nouns they refer to.

. Look at lists to confirm their construction is parallel.

. Note any tricky idiomatic phrases to verify that they`re use correctly.

. Look for repetitive and otherwise wordy language.

If you don`t see my obvious error, read through the answer just to make sure they don`t reveal something you may have missed. If you still don’t see a problem, do not panic, about 20 percent of the sentence correction question contain no errors.

2.Skim through the answers and eliminate any choices that don`t correct the error.

If you spot an error in sentence, read through the answers and eliminate those that don`t correct it. If you see more than one error in the sentence, begin with the error that has the more obvious correction. For example, if there`s both a rhetorical error in subject-verb agreement, being with the error in subject-verb agreement. Eliminating answers that don`t address the agreement is quick and easy. After you`ve eliminated the choices that don`t fix the obvious err, move on to the error or error. Comparing rhetorical constructions is answer can take a while so eliminating before this step saves you time. After you`ve eliminated an answer, don`t re-read it!

3.Eliminate answers that correct the original error but add a new error or errors.

The next step is to eliminate answers that create new errors.

A new error in an answer usually isn`t the same type of error as the error in the original sentence. The test makers know you`ll look for pronoun errors if there`s a pronoun error in the original sentence, so the new error in an answer my be an improper expression or a verb tense error.

After doing this, you should end up with only one answer that correction the existing errors without creating new ones. If you end up with two seemingly correct answer, read them both within the context of the original sentence. One will have an error that you`ve overlooked.

4.Re-read the sentence that you have chosen as an answer and make sure that it makes sense.

Don`t skip this step! Check you answer by reading the new sentence in its entirety. Don`t just check to see whether the answer sounds good; also check for error that you may not have noticed as you worked through the question.

Missing errors is easy when you focus on any particular error and then try to find that error in the sentence.

Example

Question :

When you being a new exercise routine, they can expect to feel better as well as lose weight.

Answer. When you being a new exercise routine, you can expect to feel better as well as lose weight.

The pronoun “you” must be continued to refer to the same person. We cannot shift from “you” to “they”.

SENTENCE COMPLETION

The sentence completion questions are meant to gauge your level of expertise in utilizing vocabulary in manner appropriate to the sentence structure. You need to know more than the dictionary definitions of the words involved. You need to know how the words fit together to make logical and stylistic sense.

Sentence completion questions help you prepare for the reading comprehension questions as well. If you have the ability to figure out how one portion of the sentence impact the other, you should do well at choosing the answer that provides a clear, logical statement of fact. The ability to recognize irony and humor will also stand you in good stead, as will the ability to recognize figurative language and the to distinguish between formal and informal levels of speech.

Because the sentence completion question contain many clues that help you to answer them correctly ( far more clues than the antonyms provide, for example ), and because analyzing them helps you warm up for the reading comprehension passages later on in the test, answer them before the passages.

What makes the hard questions hard?

1: Vocabulary Level

Sentences contain words like harangue, germane, abstruse. Answers include words like jejune, bombastic, and esoteric. Questions employ unfamiliar secondary meanings of words – brook as a verb, economy with the meaning of restraint.

02. Grammatical Complexity.

Sentences utilize a wide variety of grammatical possibilities in a complex manner. The more complex the sentence, the more difficult it is for you to spot the key words that can unlock its meaning.

03: Tone.

Sentences reflect the writer`s attitude toward the subject matter. It is simple to comprehend material that is presented normally. It is for more difficult to comprehend material that is ironic, condescending, playful, some, or otherwise complex intone.

04: Style .

In a sentence that story may be presented in various different ways – ornately or sparely, poetically or prosaically, formally or informally, journalistically or academically, originally or imitatively. An author`s style depends on such details as word chose, imagery, repetition, rhythm, sentence structure and length. Many of the difficult questions hinge on questions of style.

Connections and Signals

Most often, some signal words or clues connect the parts of the sentence. These signal words are called “indicators”. Let us discuss some high frequency connections and indicators used in the sentence completion sections of the test.

Cause and Effect

In this type of the sentence, one part of the sentence describes something that causes something in the other part of the sentence.

Asim always wins the badminton match because he works __________ to prepare for the match.

A. Lazily

B. Hard

C. Continually

D. Spontaneously

( B ) The first part of the sentence describes something – always wins the match that is caused or influenced by what`s described in the second part. Think over it. What causes him to win the match ? Only the word “hard” is the correct word choice.

The two parts of the sentence are connected by the word “because” that indicates the cause and effect comparison of the sentence.

Indicators for the Cause and Effect:

Because

So that

Accordingly

Consequently

Therefore

So causes

Thus

Hence

In order to

Contrast

In this type of sentence, one part of the sentence expresses an idea that is opposite to the idea in another part of the sentence.

Hamed pretends to be a philanthropist but he is always ___________ any charity event.

A. A supporter of

B. An obstacle for

C. Swift to do

D. A promoter of

(B ) Here, in this example, the signal word “but” indicates a contrast in the second part of the sentence. As apparently kind – hearted person should be against any social work in the second part of the sentence; hence, the right choice is “obstacle for” the charity event.

Indicators for Contrast:

But

On the other hand

Despite

In spite

While

Instead of

Though

On the contrary

Although

Still

Yet

None the less

However

Unlike

Similarity

This type of sentence, one part of the sentence expresses an idea, and the other part gives the explanation, elaboration or an example of the that idea.

Chicago city mayor promised that he would consider all suggestions from the city residents and that he is wailing, not only to discuss his proposal, but also to ___________ it.

A. Change

B. Vanish

C. Accept

D. Disapprove

( A ) The structural construction of the sentence “not only ….. but also” indicates that the same idea should be in the “but also” part.

Indicators for Similarity:

In this type of sentence, one part of the sentence rephrases or repeats what is expressed in the other part of the sentence.

Just as people of Multan are doing their best to eradicate the social evils like dowry, so the people of Lahore are making efforts ________ the penetration of pagan rituals in their social norms.

A. To absorb

B. To accept

C. Normalize

D. To stop

( D ) The composition of “just as …. As” lead towards restatement of the idea that whatever the people of Multan are doing, the people of Lahore are doing the same thing. This is the restatement of the idea.

Indicators for Restatement

That is

In short

Just as … as

In fact

ENGLISH VOCABULARY

Important English Vocabulary List with definition/meaning

Aberration
Unusual and unacceptable, oddness, deviation from standard, irregularity. For example, He was not normal at that time. His act was aberrational.

Abstruse
Hidden, difficult to understand, deep

Accumulation
Gather, collect

Acrimonious
Angry and bitter feelings / words

Affection
Love

Affront
To insult

Aggravate
To make worse

Alleviate
To make sth less severe. Synonym: Ease

Ameliorate
Improve

Amenable
Agreeable

Anomaly
Irregularity. For example, A man ordered 5kg rice, but the shopkeeper sent 4kg. So, there is anomaly in supply.

Apart
Away, separate, distant

Archipelago
A group of islands. Few islands make archipelago.

Argumentative
A person who argues, Not willing to obey sth

Arrogant
Behaving in a proudy way, that is unpleasant for others, Considering oneself superior than others

Auspicious
Favourable, Likely to be successful, Promising

Bigamy
Another marriage after already married

Baleful
Harmful and damaging

Beget
To make sth happen, cause to exist

Bevy
Large group

Brook
Tolerate

Cacophony
A mixture of unpleasant sounds, noice

Cajole
Deceive. Synonym: Coax

Candid
Honest, saying as it is. (2) A candid photo is one that is taken without knowledge of the person

Capricious
Shaky, uncertain

Carnivorous
Any animal that eats meat

Cautious
Careful in what you say or do

Chary
Not taking risks, cautious. Synonym: Wary

Chide
To criticize or blame sb because they have done sth wrong

Coax
Deceive. Synonym: Cajole

Congnizant
Aware

Compliant
(1) Willing or ready to obey. Synonym: Submissive. (2) Agreement

Concealed
Hidden, difficult to understand, deep

Confront
To face

Conjoin
Join together

Consensus
Agreement

Console
to give comfort or sympathy to somebody who is unhappy or disappointed

Consul
A government official who is the representative of his/her country in a foreign city

Contraction
becoming smaller

Council
Ruling body, committee

Counsel
(1). advice (2). Lawer on behalf of somebody

Crestfallen
Sad and disappointed

Curtail
To limit something OR to shorten something

Deleterious
harmful and damaging

Demise
Death

Deteriorate
To become worse. Antonym: Improve

Detraction
Making something less good/enjoyable/important

Disavow
Deny

Distraction
Disturbance

Doctrine
Established belief

Doting
Liking/Loving sth very much

Eclected
Drawn from many sources, wisely chosen

Elated
Very happy and excited

Eminent
Famous

Enamoured
Liking something a lot

Enigma
A person, place or thing that is mysterious and difficult to understand. Mystery, Riddle

Entail
To involve something that cannot be avoided

Erudite
Deeply learned, Scholarly learned

Euphony
Pleasant sounds

Evanescent
Disapperaing quickly, short lived, fleeting

Evasive
Wordy, Not up to the point, using too much words than necessary

Exigent
Urgent

Fallow
Not used

Feckless
Careless

Feeble
Weak, Inefficient

Fleeting
Disappearing quickly, short lived

Foe
Enemy

Fond
Liking/Loving sb/sth

Frightened
Afraid, feeling of fear

Gloomy
Sad and without hope, No hope of success or happiness in future

Herbivorous
Any animal that eats only plants

Hone
(1) To sharp, sharpen. (2) To develop and improve sth

Imminent
About to happen

Impartial
Neutral

Impecunious
Poor, penny less

Indifferent
not interested OR no concern

Integrity
(1) Honesty (2) Whole, Not devided

Intrinsic
Inherent, belonging to sb/sth

Later
At a time in future. Antonym: Earlier

Levy
Government taxes

Melancholy
A deep feeling of sadness, very sad

Mercy
A kind and forgiving attitude

Minatory
Threatening

Morose
Extremely sad, depressed. Synonym: Gloomy

Mulish
Not changing opinion/attitude, stick to his own opinion

Mystery
A person, place or thing that is mysterious and difficult to understand. Enigma, Riddle

Naive
(1) Inexperienced, Lacking knowledge. (2) Innocent and simple

Narrate
Tell

Neophyte
Beginner

Nepotism
Favoritism

Obsequious
(disapproving) Trying too hard to please somebody

Obstinate
Not changing opinion/attitude, stick to his own opinion, Stubborn

Offensive
rude and annoying

Pragmatic
Practical

Precede
Before, happen before of sth

Probity
Honesty

Ratify
to make an agreement officially valid by voting for or singning it

Ravenous
Starving, extremely hungry

Skeptical
Unbelievable

Static
Not moving

Strut
Walk proudly

Stubborn
Not changing opinion/attitude, stick to his own opinion

Stuffed
Full

Sunninct
Concise

Pagoda
Temple

Partisan
Showing support to a person/group/idea, not nuetral, biased

Pillory
To criticize sb strongly in public

Touchstone
Criteria

Tractable
Easy to deal/control, Easily handled

Tranquil
Quite and peaceful

Transient
Disappearing quickly, short lived, fleeting

Trepidation
Fear

Urbane
Wise

Vacous
Stupid

Vindictive
Trying to harm sb

Volatile
Changing easily/suddenly

Vouch
To say that somebody will behave well, and you are responsible for his actions

Vow
a formal and serious promise

Wary
Not taking risks, cautious. Synonym: Chary

TEST SAMPLE PAPER (ENGLISH SECTION)

SYNONYMS (Circle its meaning)

1. ANOMALY

A. Normal

B. Straight

C. Irregularity

D. Integrity

E. None of these

2. ABSTRUSE

A. Showy

B. Evident

C. To prove something

D. Skillful

E. Concealed

3. VACOUS

A. Stupid

B. Truthfulness

C. Ravenous

D. Dreamer

E. Confused

4. PRAGMATIC

A. Practical

B. Magnetic

C. Liar

D. Arrogant

E. Uncertain

5. PROBITY

A. Probability

B. Honesty

C. Peaceful

D. Carelessness

E. Extraordinary

ANTONYMS

6. FOE

A. Friend

B. Enemy

C. Foul

D. Fail

E. Fraud

7. CONSENSUS

A. Agreement

B. Disagreement

C. Quality

D. Special case

E. Bold

8. FECKLESS

A. Weak

B. Careful

C. Careless

D. Unlucky

E. None of these

9. MELANCHOLY

A. Sorrowful

B. Happy

C. Confused

D. Convicted

E. None of these

10. EMINENT

A. Famous

B. Sad

C. Imminent

D. Happy

E. Unknown

Complete the following sentences with suitable answer
(Click on a word to know its meaning)

11. I can __________ for his honesty and ability to work hard.

A. bet

B. promise

C. vouch

D. vow

12. Job in this department __________ a lot of hard work.

A. mean

B. means

C. entails

D. curtail

13. We cannot predict whether he will go on a picnic or not. He is so __________ .

A. deletirious

B. offensive

C. feckless

D. capricious

14. We cannot say anything about law and order situation in this city, because the city is highly __________ .

A. unpredictable

B. volatile

C. dangerous

D. baleful

15. He is __________ fame and money. He pursue research just as an amateur scientist.

A. indifferent to

B. enamoured of

C. running for

D. struggling for

16. I am afraid __________ cats.

A. to

B. from

C. of

D. with

E. by

17. We did not have __________ questions for the lecturer.

A. none

B. any

C. some

D. no

E. more

18. Octopuses have not only large brains __________ also a well-developed nervous system.

A. but

B. and

C. are

D. and have

E. or

19. Anas, Umar and I __________ going.

A. am

B. was

C. are

D. have beeen

E. had been

20. If I __________ time, I would have purchased it yesterday.

A. had had

B. would had

C. would have

D. had have

E. have had

MUHAMMAD SUFDAR SAHIR

M.SC GOLD MEDALIST

M.PHIL STATISTICS

03007727047

VEHARI SERVICES ACADEMY & RESEARCH CENTER (VSARC) VEHARI 03346908699

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